抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

An Introduction to Magnetohydrodynamics

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Nonlinear Functional Analysis And Its Applications

Since the beginning of the 1990s, hysteresis operators have been employed on a larger scale for the linearisation of hysteretic transducers. One reason for this is the increasing number of mechatronic applications that use solid-state actuators based on magnetostrictive or piezo-electric material or shape memory alloys. All of these actuator types show strong hysteretic effects. In addition to hysteresis, piezo-electric actuators show strong creep effects. Thus, the objective of the paper is to enlarge the operator-based methodology of hysteresis operators by elements that allow the description of systems with hysteresis and creep. To reach this objective, following the procedure used for hysteretic systems, creep operators are introduced to form, together with the hysteresis operators, a system operator for the simultaneous consideration of both phenomena. With regard to applications in control and measurement technology, the existence, uniqueness, Lipschitz continuity and thus input-output stability of its inverse operator are theoretically supported by functional analytical methods. Subsequently, the efficiency of this new concept is demonstrated, in practice, by a real-time inverse feedforward controller for piezo-electric actuators. Using this control concept, the tracking errors caused by hysteretic and creep effects are reduced by approximately one order of magnitude.

/pdf/inverse-control-of-systems-with-hysteresis-and-creep-2nhbon1urn.pdf

Inverse control of systems with hysteresis and creep

http://www.lpa.uni-saarland.de/pdf/EJC00ART.pdf

Modeling, Identification and Compensation of Complex Hysteretic Nonlinearities: A Modified Prandtl-Ishlinskii Approach

Hysteresis, convexity and dissipation in hyperbolic equations

Piezomicropositioning actuators, which are widely used in micropositioning applications, exhibit strong rate-dependent hysteresis nonlinearities that affect the accuracy of these micropositioning systems when used in open-loop control systems, and may also even lead to system instability of closed-loop control systems. Feedback control techniques could compensate for the rate-dependent hysteresis in piezomicropositioning actuators. However, accurate sensors over a wide range of excitation frequencies and the feedback control techniques inserted in the closed-loop control systems may limit the use of the piezomicropositioning and nanopositioning systems in different micropositioning and nanopositioning applications. We show that open-loop control techniques, also called feedforward techniques, can compensate for rate-dependent hysteresis nonlinearities over different excitation frequencies. An inverse rate-dependent Prandtl-Ishlinskii model is utilized for feedforward compensation of the rate-dependent hysteresis nonlinearities in a piezomicropositioning stage. The exact inversion of the rate-dependent model holds under the condition that the distances between the thresholds do not decrease in time. The inverse of the rate-dependent model is applied as a feedforward compensator to compensate for the rate-dependent hysteresis nonlinearities of a piezomicropositioning actuator at a range of different excitation frequencies between 0.05-100 Hz. The results show that the inverse compensator suppresses the rate-dependent hysteresis nonlinearities, and the maximum positioning error in the output displacement at different excitation frequencies.

Inverse Rate-Dependent Prandtl–Ishlinskii Model for Feedforward Compensation of Hysteresis in a Piezomicropositioning Actuator

This paper is concerned with an optimal control problem for a system
of ordinary differential equations with rate independent hysteresis
modelled as a rate independent evolution variational inequality
with a closed convex constraint $Z\subset \mathbb{R}^m$.
We prove existence of optimal solutions as well as necessary optimality
conditions of first order. In particular, under certain regularity
assumptions we completely characterize the jump behaviour of the adjoint.

Optimal control of ODE systems involving a rate independent variational inequality

On demontre l'existence de solutions ω-periodiques pour les problemes u tt -u xx ±F(u)=g(t,x), u(t,o)=u(t,Π)=0, u tt -F(u x ) x =g(t,x), u x (t,o)=u x (t,Π)=0 pour chaque g ω-periodique, ou F est l'operateur d'Ishlinskii et ω>0 arbitraire

Pavel Krejčí

Papers

Inverse control of systems with hysteresis and creep

Hysteresis, convexity and dissipation in hyperbolic equations

Inverse Rate-Dependent Prandtl–Ishlinskii Model for Feedforward Compensation of Hysteresis in a Piezomicropositioning Actuator

Optimal control of ODE systems involving a rate independent variational inequality

Hysteresis and periodic solutions of semilinear and quasilinear wave equations