The original version of this article unfortunately
contained a mistake in Table 1 and Eqs. 1 and 5.

Hydrochemistry and evaluation of groundwater suitability for irrigation and drinking purposes in the Markandeya River basin, Belgaum District, Karnataka State, India (vol 173, pg 459, 2011)

Phytochemical constituents, distributions and traditional usages of Arnebia euchroma: A review.

The water samples collected from Renuka Lake during pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons were analyzed to know water quality related to major ion chemistry and other essential parameters. The water is found to be slightly alkaline having pH value 7.22–8.66. Both Ca2+ and Mg2+ are observed as the dominant cations, whereas SO42− and HCO3− are dominant anions during all seasons. The Piper plot has shown Ca2+–HCO3− type of water during pre- to post-monsoon seasons. Alkaline earth metals (Ca2+ and Mg2+) are noticed to exceed over alkali metals (Na+ and K+), and weak acid (HCO3−) surpass over strong acid (SO42−) in all seasons. The carbonate weathering of surrounding rocks is found to be the dominant source of major ions for the lake during pre- to post-monsoon. The WQI values 176.45–184.91 from monsoon to pre-monsoon have revealed that the water of Renuka Lake is unsuitable for drinking. The higher value of WQI is mainly due to increased concentration of F−, which is produced from the fluorapatite, cryolite and mica etc., and anthropogenic activities. Its concentration more than standard permissible limit may be very harmful for human being and aquatic species. However, based on sodium per cent (11.88–15.62%), sodium adsorption ratio (0.48–0.61) and residual sodium carbonate (< 2.5 meq/L), the water quality is determined  fit for irrigation. The lake has indicated seasonal variations of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+ and HCO3−, etc., which may be due to changing temperature, monsoon rain and human activities. Thus, stringent mitigation measures are required to reduce increased concentration of various physiochemical parameters and preservation of the Renuka Lake.

Major ion chemistry, catchment weathering and water quality of Renuka Lake, north-west Himalaya, India

The present study describes geochemical facie and implications of rock-water interaction at the groundwater of Chamba city. The influence of rock dominance at the groundwater may be due to its flow and longtime rock-water interaction, whereas atmospheric precipitation dominance owing to high recharge and continuous outflow of groundwater that cause a short time interaction. The comparison among Ca2+ + Mg2+ versus Na+ + K+ and total cations indicated carbonate weathering as a main ionic source relative to silicate weathering, due to rich lithology and higher dissolution capacity of carbonate minerals. The chloro-alkaline indices (CAI-1 and CAI-2) and scatter plot of (Ca2+ + Mg2+) - (HCO3- + SO42-) versus (Na+ + K+) - Cl- (meq/L) inferred the presence of ion exchange process causing adsorption of Ca2+ and release of Na+. The Ca2+ - Mg2+ - Cl-, Na+ - HCO3-, and Ca2+ - Mg2+ - HCO3- types of groundwater suggested permanent and temporary hardness in the region. The Ca2+ and Na+ are observed as the dominant cations whereas HCO3- and SO42- as the dominant anions. The parameters like NH4+, NO3-, F-, and Br- are generated from different natural sources. The groundwater is found to be suitable for drinking purposes based on water quality index (14.24-61.13) and the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS 2012) prescribed limit. The influence of carbonate minerals dissolution over TDS and salinity at groundwater of the city is also observed. The rock-water interaction confirmed mixing pattern of carbonate, silicate, and evaporites in the groundwater of the Chamba city.

Groundwater geochemical facie: implications of rock-water interaction at the Chamba city (HP), northwest Himalaya, India

The present study is to evaluate trophic status and its limiting factors in the Renuka Lake, using surface water samples. The water of the lake is found to be slightly alkaline with pH 8.33–8.70 (avg. 8.61 ± 0.1). The turbidity 4.63–6.62 NTU (avg. 5.48 ± 0.63 NTU) indicated low level of clarity in the lake. The Carlson’s index based on the Secchi disc transparency (SD), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), and total phosphorus (TP) has indicated that the Renuka Lake is turned hyper-eutrophic in status. The correlation coefficient has indicated that most parameters in the lake are contributed by different sources. Factor-1 marked 26.40% variance, which may be due to higher impact of rock weathering than the anthropogenic activities, whereas 18.56% variance shown by factor-2 may be due to natural and anthropogenic activities. However, factor-3 (14.38% variance) inferred that the higher contribution of Chl-a, pH, TDS, NH4+, NO3−, salinity, and SO42− is due to major impacts of the anthropogenic activities. The inverse distance weighting method has indicated spatial interpolation and area of influence of different parameters in the lake. The “nutrient (TP) limited large sized algae” as well as phosphorus is considered as a major limiting factor for increasing productivity and trophic state index. The present study has inferred that the nutrient enrichment should be controlled to restore the Renuka Lake, owing to its social and ecological significances.

Evaluation of trophic status and its limiting factors in the Renuka Lake of Lesser Himalaya, India.

The present research is to study hydrochemistry and water quality of Rewalsar Lake during pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons. The Ca2+ and Na+ are observed as the dominant cations from pre- to post-monsoon season. On the other hand, HCO3− and Cl− are observed dominant anions during pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons, whereas HCO3− and SO42− during post-monsoon season. The comparison of alkaline earth metals with alkali metals and total cations (Tz+) has specified that the carbonate weathering is the dominant source of major ions in the water of lake.  The HCO3− is noticed to be mainly originated from carbonate/calcareous minerals during monsoon and post-monsoon, but through silicate minerals during pre-monsoon.  The SO42− in Rewalsar Lake is produced by the dissolution of calcite and dolomite etc. The alkali metals and Cl− in the lake can be attributed to the silicate weathering as well as halite dissolution and anthropogenic activities. Certain other parameters like NO3−, NH4+, F−, and Br− are mainly a result of anthropogenic activities. The alkaline earth metals are found to surpass over alkali metals, whereas weak acid (HCO3−) exceed to strong acid (SO42−). The Piper diagram has shown Ca2+–HCO3− type of water during all the seasons. The water quality index has indicated that the water quality of the lake is unsuitable for drinking from pre- to post-monsoon. Several parameters like salinity index, sodium adsorption ratio, sodium percent, residual sodium carbonate, magnesium hazard etc. have revealed the water of Rewalsar Lake as suitable for irrigation.

Hydrochemistry and water quality of Rewalsar Lake of Lesser Himalaya, Himachal Pradesh, India

The assessment of plant biodiversity specifies adaptability of species and other sets of environmental conditions, which are essential for the growth of an ecosystem. During this study, a total of ...

Pawan Kumar Gaury

Papers

Hydrochemistry and water quality of Rewalsar Lake of Lesser Himalaya, Himachal Pradesh, India

Plant species composition and diversity at the Aravalli mountain range in Haryana, India.