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Properties Of Concrete

Plastic solid waste (PSW) of polymers (like: high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), Nylon etc.) is creating new challenges, which in today's scenario are major research concerns. A sharp rise has been observed in production of different products based on different plastic material. This huge increase in plastic commodities also increases the waste generation thus creating new challenges. Some researchers have reported work in the field of PSW management with different recycling methods. This paper compiles the different research work done by researchers in this field of recycling and progress in recovery and management of PSW by different methods (i.e. Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary) along with the various identification/separation techniques. Further, this paper reviews the effect on properties of virgin and recycled HDPE/LDPE/Nylon PSW with different reinforcements like sand, natural fibre, hemp fibre, metal powder etc.

Recycling of plastic solid waste: A state of art review and future applications

Mechanical and durability properties of high-strength concrete containing steel and polypropylene fibers

Annual Book Of Astm Standards

Supplementary cementitious materials: New sources, characterization, and performance insights

The construction industry must consider not only the mechanical performances of structural materials but also their thermal performances for energy-efficient buildings. There exist conflicting thermal and mechanical properties between normal weight concrete (NWC) and lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC). NWC with high mechanical strength exhibits poor thermal efficiency but LWAC possesses low mechanical strengths but high thermal efficiency. The inclusion of fibres in the mixture of LWAC could provide a solution to its weaknesses in mechanical properties however its thermal performance was not well fully understood. To produce an energy-efficient building material, this study was conducted to determine thermo-mechanical performances of steel (ST) and polypropylene (PP) fibre-reinforced LWACs that meet the structural code requirements with good thermal properties. Lightweight expanded clay aggregate was used to make a structural LWAC and polypropylene and steel fibres were used as the reinforcement. Test results revealed that structural LWAC reinforced ST fibre with 1.0% dosage has the best mechanical and thermo-mechanical efficiency whilst PP fibre with 0.3% dosage has the best thermal performance.The ST fibre has a positive influence on the compressive and tensile strength than PP fibre. In terms of overall thermal performance and cost, LWAC containing 0.3% PP fibre was the most desirable. The PP fibre has a more positive influence on thermal properties than ST fibre. The equations had been proposed with a good correlation of R2 > 0.7979 to predict the thermal properties against density for ST and PP fibres. The new merit M o equation provides a novel way to measure the thermo-mechanical efficiency of the building materials for the construction industry. ST fibre is better than PP fibre in enhancing the mechanical efficiency but PP fibre is more efficient than ST in enhancing the thermal efficiency of fibre-reinforced LWAC. • PP and steel fibres have different effects on the thermal properties of structural LWAC. • Optimizing fibre contents was determined for an efficient thermo-mechanical structural LWAC. • A merit number to measure thermo-mechanical efficiency of structural LWAC was introduced. 

Thermo-mechanical efficiency of fibre-reinforced structural lightweight aggregate concrete

One of the main concerns of engineers to design a structural member using structural lightweight concrete is the shear performance of this concrete due to its lower tensile strength. This research presents an experimental investigation on the shear behaviour of reinforced palm-oil by-product lightweight concrete beams without shear links. The used by-products are wastes from oil palm industry i.e., oil palm shell (OPS) and oil-palm-boiler clinker (OPBC). They used as coarse aggregate in the concrete mixture while normal sand was used as fine aggregate. Nine reinforced OPS and OPS-OPBC lightweight concrete beams were prepared and their structural performance in terms of shear behaviour have been investigated. Three sets of the lightweight aggregate concretes with the maximum oven dry density less than 2000 kg/m3 were designed and each set contained three concrete mixes of grades 25, 35, and 45. The results of this study show that the OPS concrete beams have lower ultimate capacity in comparison with blended coarse aggregates (OPS-OPBC) concrete beams. The contribution of OPBC aggregate in the OPS concrete improved the structural performance and the failure nature of the beams, significantly. It was found that from the existing prediction models for estimating shear capacity of concrete beams, the shear capacity can be predicted about 10%
underestimate and up to 60% overestimate.

Shear behaviour of lightweight aggregate concrete beamsusing palm-oil by-products as coarse aggregate

This study reports the influence of different climatic ambient temperatures on the thermal properties of fiber-reinforced lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC). Lightweight expanded clay aggregates (LECA) with steel (ST) and polypropylene fibers were used in the mix proportions. The steady-state thermal test was performed on concrete samples at the oven-dry state with the measurement taken at six different climatic ambient temperatures of 0 °C, 10 °C, 20 °C, 30 °C, 40 °C, and 50 °C. The results show a linear dependence of thermal conductivity, specific heat, thermal diffusivity and thermal effusivity of fiber-reinforced LWACs against the different ambient temperatures. These ambient temperature variations are discussed as a function of the thermal properties of fiber-reinforced LWAC. The thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity decrease linearly between 0 °C and 50 °C, whilst the specific heat and thermal effusivity increase linearly between 0 °C and 50 °C. Equations with strong correlations to predict thermal properties of fiber-reinforced LWAC were proposed based on the results of this study. The significance of this research is to propose the dynamic ambient temperature-dependent thermal properties equations that can be used in the energy analysis of the buildings.

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Influence of Different Ambient Temperatures on the Thermal Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete

High strength lightweight aggregate concrete (HSLAC) provides many advantages to construction industry, especially in the reduction of structure’s dead load Incorporating waste materials in HSLAC promotes to implement sustainable practice, minimize the negative impact to environment and reduce the cost of product Oil-Palm-Boiler Clinker (OPBC) is a solid waste from palm oil industry and can be used as lightweight aggregate in concrete Fly ash also is a by product material from power plant station In this study, in a high strength normal weight concrete, normal coarse aggregate and fine aggregate were partially substituted with OPBC and fly ash, respectively Test results showed that by using of these waste materials in concrete, a semi-lightweight concrete with 28-day compressive strength of 68MPa could be produced The result of the splitting tensile strength implies that HSLAC is suitable for use as structural concrete elements

Mechanical properties of high strength semi-lightweight aggregate concrete containing high volume waste materials

Utilization of concrete in construction industry has increased in last decades. Although, concrete has a lot of advantages, it is important to consider its negative impacts on environment. One of that negative impacts is depletion of natural resources. To protect environment and make concrete industry sustainable it is needed to find alternative materials, which can be used in the concrete mixture. Agricultural sector has many wastes which would be proper alternatives in manufacturing sustainable concrete. This study presents experimental test results of a green concrete was made of coconut shell as an alternative for normal coarse aggregate in concrete mixtures for developing a sustainable lightweight aggregate concrete. From several trial mixes using coconut shell lightweight aggregates, it was possible to develop mix proportions for a structural lightweight aggregate concrete with good workability and a 28-dayay compressive strength of 38 MPa and density of 1986 kg/m.

Payam Shafigh

Papers

Thermo-mechanical efficiency of fibre-reinforced structural lightweight aggregate concrete

Shear behaviour of lightweight aggregate concrete beamsusing palm-oil by-products as coarse aggregate

Influence of Different Ambient Temperatures on the Thermal Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete

Mechanical properties of high strength semi-lightweight aggregate concrete containing high volume waste materials

Coconut shell as lightweight aggregate for manufacturing structural lightweight aggregate concrete