Correction of tree ring stable carbon isotope chronologies for changes in the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere , Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 73, 1539-1547

Fluids liberated from subducting slabs are critical in global geochemical cycles. We investigate the behaviour of Mo during slab dehydration using two suites of exhumed fragments of subducted, oceanic lithosphere. Our samples display a positive correlation of δ98/95MoNIST 3134 with Mo/Ce, from compositions close to typical mantle (−0.2‰ and 0.03, respectively) to very low values of both δ98/95MoNIST 3134 (−1‰) and Mo/Ce (0.002). Together with new, experimental data, we show that molybdenum isotopic fractionation is driven by preference of heavier Mo isotopes for a fluid phase over rutile, the dominant mineral host of Mo in eclogites. Moreover, the strongly perturbed δ98/95MoNIST 3134 and Mo/Ce of our samples requires that they experienced a large flux of oxidised fluid. This is consistent with channelised, reactive fluid flow through the subducted crust, following dehydration of the underlying, serpentinised slab mantle. The high δ98/95MoNIST 3134 of some arc lavas is the complement to this process. Fluid liberation and migration from subducted oceanic slabs play a critical role in arc magmatism but the volume and origin of the released fluids is unclear and difficult to trace. Here, the authors use Molybdenum isotope ratios to tackle these problems.

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Molybdenum systematics of subducted crust record reactive fluid flow from underlying slab serpentine dehydration.

Because atmospheric carbon dioxide is the ultimate source of all land-plant carbon, workers have suggested that pCO2 level may exert control over the amount of C incorporated into plant tissues. However, experiments growing plants under elevated pCO2 in both chamber and field settings, as well as meta-analyses of ecological and agricultural data, have yielded a wide range of estimates for the effect of pCO2 on the net isotopic discrimination (Dd Cp) between plant tissue (d Cp) and atmospheric CO2 (d CCO2). Because plant stomata respond sensitively to plant water status and simultaneously alter the concentration of pCO2 inside the plant (ci) relative to outside the plant (ca), any experiment that lacks environmental control over water availability across treatments could result in additional isotopic variation sufficient to mask or cancel the direct influence of pCO2 on Dd Cp. We present new data from plant growth chambers featuring enhanced dynamic stabilization of moisture availability and relative humidity, in addition to providing constant light, nutrient, dCCO2, and pCO2 level for up to four weeks of plant growth. Within these chambers, we grew a total of 191 C3 plants (128 Raphanus sativus plants and 63 Arabidopsis thaliana) across fifteen levels of pCO2 ranging from 370 to 4200 ppm. Three types of plant tissue were harvested and analyzed for carbon isotope value: above-ground tissues, below-ground tissues, and leaf-extracted nC31-alkanes. We observed strong hyperbolic correlations (R P 0.94) between the pCO2 level and DdCp for each type of plant tissue analyzed; furthermore the linear relationships previously suggested by experiments across small (10–350 ppm) changes in pCO2 (e.g., 300–310 ppm or 350–700 ppm) closely agree with the amount of fractionation per ppm increase in pCO2 calculated from our hyperbolic relationship. In this way, our work is consistent with, and provides a unifying relationship for, previous work on carbon isotopes in C3 plants at elevated pCO2. The values for Dd Cp we determined in our ambient pCO2 chambers are consistent with the DdCp values measured in large modern datasets of plants growing within the Earth’s wettest environments, suggesting that it may be possible to reconstruct changes in paleo-pCO2 level from plants that grew in consistently wet environments, if dCCO2 value and initial pCO2 level can be independently quantified. Several implications arise for the reconstruction of water availability and water-use efficiency in both ancient and recent plant DdCp values across periods of changing pCO2 level. For example, the change in Dd Cp implied by our relationship for the rise in pCO2 concentration observed since 1980 is of the same magnitude (= !0.7&) as the isotopic correction for changes in dCCO2 required by the input of C-depleted carbon to the atmosphere. For these reasons, only the portion of the terrestrial isotopic excursion that persists after accounting for changes in pCO2 concentration should be used for the interpretation of a change in paleo-environmental conditions. ! 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The effect of atmospheric co 2 concentration on carbon isotope fractionation in c 3 land plants

The Permian–Triassic mass extinction was marked by a massive release of carbon into the ocean-atmosphere system, evidenced by a sharp negative carbon isotope excursion. Large carbon emissions would have increased atmospheric pCO2 and caused global warming. However, the magnitude of pCO2 changes during the PTME has not yet been estimated. Here, we present a continuous pCO2 record across the PTME reconstructed from high-resolution δ13C of C3 plants from southwestern China. We show that pCO2 increased from 426 +133/−96 ppmv in the latest Permian to 2507 +4764/−1193 ppmv at the PTME within about 75 kyr, and that the reconstructed pCO2 significantly correlates with sea surface temperatures. Mass balance modelling suggests that volcanic CO2 is probably not the only trigger of the carbon cycle perturbation, and that large quantities of 13C-depleted carbon emission from organic matter and methane were likely required during complex interactions with the Siberian Traps volcanism. The Permian–Triassic mass extinction was accompanied by a massive release of carbon into the ocean-atmosphere system, but the magnitude of change is not well known. Here, the authors present a new record of C3 plants from southwestern China which shows that atmospheric pCO2 increased by a factor of six during this event.

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Six-fold increase of atmospheric pCO2 during the Permian-Triassic mass extinction.

The Jenkyns Event (early Toarcian OAE) in the Ordos Basin, North China


 The carbon isotope (δ13C) value of modern and fossil wood is widely used as a proxy for environmental and climatic change. Many researchers who study stable carbon isotopes in modern and recently deceased trees chemically extract cellulose (δ13Ccell) rather than analyzing whole wood (δ13Cwood) due to concerns that molecular variability across tree rings could influence δ13Cwood values, and that diagenesis may preferentially degrade cellulose over lignin. However, the majority of deep-time researchers analyze δ13Cwood without correcting for possible diagenetic effects due to cellulose loss. We measured δ13Ccell, δ13Cwood, and cellulose content of 38 wood fossils that span ∼50 m.y. in age from early Eocene to late Miocene, using variability across such a large range of geologic ages and settings as a natural laboratory in diagenesis. For comparison with our measurements, we produced a literature compilation of 1210 paired δ13Ccell and δ13Cwood values made on fossil and modern trees. We report that, on average, the apparent enrichment factor (ε) between δ13Ccell and δ13Cwood (ε = δ13Ccell – δ13Cwood) is 1.4‰ ± 0.4‰ larger in deep-time samples than Holocene wood, and this can be explained by loss of cellulose during degradation, independent of atmospheric chemistry or climate conditions during growth. A strong linear correlation exists between δ13Cwood and δ13Ccell in both deep-time (r2 = 0.92) and Holocene (r2 = 0.87) samples, suggesting that either substrate can provide a reliable record of environmental conditions during growth. However, diagenetic effects must be corrected if δ13Cwood values are compared to extant trees or across long time scales, where cellulose content may vary.

Peace Eze

Papers

The effect of diagenesis on carbon isotope values of fossil wood

Natural Fracture Presence Prediction in Unconventional Reservoirs Using Machine Learning and Geostatistical Methods - Workflow and HFTS1 Case