Recent progress in the utilization of industrial waste and by‐products of citrus fruits: A review

Citrus grandis Osbeck, commonly known as "pomelo" or "shaddock," is the largest citrus fruit, the peel of which is a well-known agricultural residual waste. Pomelo peel offers a wide range of components such as essential oils, polysaccharides, and phytochemicals with potential food applications. Utilization of pomelo peel to recover these components is an important step toward agricultural sustainability. This review covers pomelo peel utilization opportunities beyond conventional composting and animal feed production, and critically examines value-added uses via the recovery of potentially bioactive components. The peel of pomelo accounts for approximately 30% of the total fruit weight and contains phytochemicals, including aroma-active volatiles, pectin, flavonoids, phenolic acids, carotenoids, coumarins, and polysaccharides. Recovery of these phytochemicals offers an opportunity for value-added utilization such as the development of enriched or functional foods and nutraceuticals. The health-promoting and therapeutic potential of pomelo peel extracts and isolated pure compounds have been evaluated through numerous in vitro and in vivo studies that revealed a wide range of bioactivities, including hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. Preclinical evidence highlights multifaceted molecular and signaling events that possibly underlie the said bioactive potential. Overall, the pomelo processing industry offers a great opportunity to recover or produce valuable products from the large amounts of residual wastes it generates. It is envisaged that a thorough understanding of the bioactive components of pomelo peel, their functional and nutraceutical applications, and mode of actions will benefit the food industry.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1541-4337.12561

Valorization of pomelo (Citrus grandis Osbeck) peel: A review of current utilization, phytochemistry, bioactivities, and mechanisms of action.

Objective:To perform a systematic review to evaluate iron, vitamin A, zinc, and iodine status and intakes in children and adolescents (0-19 years) in Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa.Method:Both national and subnational data published from the year 2005 to 2015 were searched via MEDLINE, Scopus, and national public health websites. For each micronutrient and country, status data from relevant studies and surveys were combined into an average prevalence and weighted by sample size (WAVG). Inadequate intakes were estimated from mean (SD) intakes.Results:This review included 55 surveys and studies, 17 from Ethiopia, 11 from Kenya, 12 from Nigeria, and 16 from South Africa. The WAVG prevalence of anemia ranged from 25% to 53%, iron deficiency from 12% to 29%, vitamin A deficiency (VAD) from 14% to 42%, zinc deficiency from 32% to 63%, and iodine deficiency from 15% to 86% in children aged 0 to 19 years from 4 countries. Generally, children <5 years had higher prevalence of anemia (32%-63%), VAD (15%...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0379572117715818

Are Low Intakes and Deficiencies in Iron, Vitamin A, Zinc, and Iodine of Public Health Concern in Ethiopian, Kenyan, Nigerian, and South African Children and Adolescents?

Objective To examine the associations between an onset of serious mental disorders before the age of 25 with subsequent employment, income and education outcomes. Methods Nationwide cohort study including individuals (n = 2 055 720) living in Finland between 1988-2015, who were alive at the end of the year they turned 25. Mental disorder diagnosis between ages 15 and 25 was used as the exposure. The level of education, employment status, annual wage or self-employment earnings, and annual total income between ages 25 and 52 (measurement years 1988-2015) were used as the outcomes. Results All serious mental disorders were associated with increased risk of not being employed and not having any secondary or higher education between ages 25 and 52. The earnings for individuals with serious mental disorders were considerably low, and the annual median total income remained rather stable between ages 25 and 52 for most of the mental disorder groups. Conclusions Serious mental disorders are associated with low employment rates and poor educational outcomes, leading to a substantial loss of total earnings over the life course.

Mental disorders and long-term labour market outcomes: nationwide cohort study of 2 055 720 individuals

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have gained increasing attention because of their high prevalence and mortality worldwide. Epidemiological studies revealed that intake of fruits, vegetables, nuts, and cereals could reduce the risk of CVDs, and their antioxidants are considered as the main contributors. Moreover, experimental studies showed that some antioxidant natural products and their bioactive compounds exerted beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system, such as polyphenols, polysaccharides, anthocyanins, epigallocatechin gallate, quercetin, rutin, and puerarin. The mechanisms of action mainly included reducing blood pressure, improving lipid profile, ameliorating oxidative stress, mitigating inflammation, and regulating gut microbiota. Furthermore, clinical trials confirmed the cardiovascular-protective effect of some antioxidant natural products, such as soursop, beetroot, garlic, almond, and green tea. In this review, we summarized the effects of some antioxidant natural products and their bioactive compounds on CVDs based on the epidemiological, experimental, and clinical studies, with special attention paid to the relevant mechanisms and clinical trials.

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Antioxidant Food Components for the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases: Effects, Mechanisms, and Clinical Studies.

Nutrient, phytochemical, and antinutrient composition of Citrus maxima fruit juice and peel extract were determined. The fruit was procured from a garden in Trans-Ekulu, Enugu East Local Government Area, Enugu State, Nigeria. Mature undamaged Citrus maxima fruits were thoroughly washed with distilled water to remove contamination, dirt, and air-dried. The peel was separated from the pulp. The pulp (100 g) was blended and filtered through a muslin cloth to obtain a clear juice. The peel (50 g) was macerated with 200 ml of ethanol for 20 min. The peel extract was filtered through filter paper. The supernatant was concentrated by rotary evaporation. The peel extract was weighed and stored in a plastic container until needed. Proximate, mineral, vitamins, antinutrient, and phytochemical composition of the juice and peel extract were determined using standard procedures. Citrus maxima peel extract contains significantly (p Na > Ph > Fe > Mg > K in the juice and Ca > Ph > Na > Fe > K > Mg in the peel extract. Vitamin C content of the juice and peel extract were 26.36 mg/100 g and 19.34 mg/100 g, respectively. Citrus maxima peel is highly nutritive and rich in phytochemicals, further research is recommended to investigate its therapeutic effect.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/fsn3.604

Nutrient, phytochemical, and antinutrient composition of Citrus maxima fruit juice and peel extract.

Background: Overweight and obesity in adolescence are powerful risk factors of chronic diseases in adulthood. Objective: To determine the prevalence of overweight, obesity and thinness among adolescents in rural and urban areas of Enugu State, Nigeria. Method: A total of 500 adolescents (10-19 years) consisting of 220 males and 280 females were randomly selected from 12 study schools in the State. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on background information of the adolescents. Anthropometric measurements (weight and height) of the adolescents were obtained, and used to calculate the Body Mass Index (BMI). The BMI were categorized into obesity, overweight, normal and thinness using the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) reference and the WHO adult BMI classification for adolescents up to 19 years. The data obtained were coded and analyzed into means, frequencies, percentages and chi-square using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 17. Results: The prevalence of overweight, obesity and thinness among adolescents were 7.5%. 2.1% and 13.9%, respectively. The prevalence of obesity among the adolescents in urban areas was 4.1% while none of the rural adolescents was obese. There was a higher prevalence rate of obesity among males than among females. Conclusion: Obesity is creeping into traditional societies as evident in this study.

/pdf/prevalence-of-overweight-obesity-and-thinness-among-553crunbku.pdf

Prevalence of overweight, obesity and thinness among adolescents in rural and urban areas of Enugu State, Nigeria

Purpose




This paper aims to investigate the effect of Citrus maxima juice on fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, liver enzyme and body weight of alloxan-induced diabetic adult wistar rats.




Design/methodology/approach




The fruits were thoroughly washed with potable water. They were peeled; the epicarp and seeds were removed. Fruit juice was extracted from the pulp. Animal experiment was carried out using 21 adult male wistar rats weighing about 110-130 g. The rats were categorized into three groups (A-C), with each group consisting of seven rats of similar body weights. Diabetes was induced using alloxan. Rats in Groups A and B were administered 300 mg and 600 mg of C. maxima fruit juice/kg body weight/day, respectively, for 14 days, while Group C rats acted as control and received placebo. Biochemical analysis was performed using standard procedures. Data were analyzed using SPSS, version 21.




Findings




Blood glucose of rats in the treated groups decreased significantly (p < 0.05) from 454.7 and 569.7 mg/dl to 149.3 and 297.3 mg/dl, respectively, while the control increased from 257.0 to 46.57 mg/dl. Total cholesterol and triglyceride levels of Group B rats reduced significantly (p < 0.05), while the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level increased (p < 0.05). Body weight of rats in the treated groups increased significantly (p < 0.05) by 30.1 and 20.2 per cent in Groups A and B, respectively, compared to the control group, which reduced by 0.21 per cent. There was no significant effect on markers of liver damage.




Practical implications




The rate at which diabetes and other non-communicable diseases increase recently calls for affordable and sustainable management.




Social implications




Diabetes is one of the major health and development challenges of the 21st century, its complications are disabling and life threatening.




Originality/value




The hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic properties demonstrated by C. maxima fruit juice suggest its potential contribution in reducing/stabilizing blood glucose level and managing complications of diabetes.

Effect of Citrus maxima juice on fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, liver enzyme and body weight.

Background: African yam bean (AYB) could be processed into value added food products. Processing however affects the chemical, sensory and functional properties of the foods. Objectives: This work determined the effect of processing methods on the proximate composition of African yam bean ( Sphenostylis stenocarpa ) flour and the sensory properties of its gruels. Methods: Six kilogram of African yam bean seeds were sorted and divided into 4 portions of 1.5kg each. One portion was washed and fermented without lime for 24h, sundried for 72h and roasted (F24R). The second portion was washed, fermented with lime juice for 24h, sundried for 72h and roasted (FL24R). The third portion was washed, fermented with lime for 48h, sundried for 72h and roasted (FL48R). The last portion was washed, dried and roasted (OR) (the control). The samples were milled into flours and analyzed for proximate composition. Gruels were prepared with the flours and analyzed for their sensory properties. Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze the data obtained. Results: Sample F24R had the highest protein content (33.08%) while FL24R had the least protein content (20.96%) and was followed by FL48R (27.86%). The fat content of FL48R, F24R and OR were 3.68%, 4.90% and 5.49%, respectively. Sample FL24R had higher ash content (4.08%) than the other samples. The control (OR) on the other hand, had the highest fibre content of 6.31%. The fibre contents (4.16% - 4.28%) of the other samples were not significantly (p>0.05) different. FL24R had carbohydrate level of 62.26% which was significantly (p 0.05). Conclusion: Alkaline fermentation combined with roasting improved nutrient contents of AYB. Keywords : African Yam bean Flour, Sensory Characteristics, Proximate Composition, and Processing Methods.

/pdf/effect-of-processing-methods-on-the-proximate-composition-of-45h7lae80y.pdf

Effect of processing methods on the proximate composition of African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) flours and sensory characteristics of their gruels

Hidden hunger (micronutrient deficiencies) among adolescents are linked to impaired physical growth, poor cognitive function, low resistance to infection as well as degenerative and chronic diseases at later age. To prevent these deleterious impacts of hidden hunger, effective intervention strategy that improves nutrition knowledge and promotes healthy food choices among this age-group becomes imperative. The intervention was to evaluate the impact of a 14-page locally developed nutrition education aids on the teenagers’ knowledge of the functions, food sources and deficiencies of some micronutrients and their food choices. A one group pre-and post-intervention quasi-experimental study design was conducted with 869 adolescents (13–17 years) selected using multi-stage sampling technique in public secondary schools in a suburb of Nigeria. Using the instructional material development guidelines, the nutrition education aids were developed with nutrition facts, pictures of staple micronutrients-rich foods, and computer graphics. Baseline (pre-intervention) knowledge of nutrition and practice of food choices in relation to micronutrients were determined before exposing the students to the developed nutrition education aids and reassessing (post-intervention) them after 6 months. Data obtained were subjected to paired samples t-test using SPSS version 21. The adolescents were mostly females (58.92%) aged 16–17 years (53.62%). There was significantly (p < 0.05) higher mean knowledge scores of general nutrition (65.77 vs. 39.61%) and food sources of nutrients (82.26 vs. 66.87%) at post-intervention compared to pre-intervention. Also, the mean knowledge of functions and deficiencies of vitamin C, folic acid, iron, calcium, and zinc were significantly (p < 0.05) higher at post-intervention than at pre-intervention. The study further revealed percentage increase in the proportion of respondents who consumed meat (27.72%), mango (128.20%), watermelon (152.29%), carrot (336.34%) and leafy vegetables (85.56%) daily after the intervention. In addition, the percentage of students who rarely consumed all the studied micronutrient-rich foods decreased after the intervention. The intervention strategy increased the nutrition knowledge and the consumption of some micronutrients-rich food sources among the adolescents. The developed nutrition education aids are recommended for use in the fight to reduce/eradicate hidden hunger among adolescents in Nigeria.

/pdf/evidence-based-strategy-for-prevention-of-hidden-hunger-2s5rerttt5.pdf

Peace N. Ani

Papers

Nutrient, phytochemical, and antinutrient composition of Citrus maxima fruit juice and peel extract.

Prevalence of overweight, obesity and thinness among adolescents in rural and urban areas of Enugu State, Nigeria

Effect of Citrus maxima juice on fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, liver enzyme and body weight.

Effect of processing methods on the proximate composition of African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) flours and sensory characteristics of their gruels

Evidence-based strategy for prevention of hidden hunger among adolescents in a suburb of Nigeria