世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

2 1 The innovative transport systems and the CityMobil project 10 1.1 The research questions 10 2 The state of art in the field of automatic transport systems 12 2.1 Case studies and demand studies for innovative transport systems 12 3 The design and implementation of surveys 14 3.1 Definition of experimental design 14 3.2 Questionnaire design and delivery 16 3.3 First analyses on the collected sample 18 4 Calibration of Logit Multionomial demand models 21 4.1 Methodology 21 4.2 Calibration of the “full” model. 22 4.3 Calibration of the “final” model 24 4.4 The demand analysis through the final Multinomial Logit model 25 5 The analysis of interaction between the demand and socioeconomic attributes 31 5.1 Methodology 31 5.2 Application of Mixed Logit models to the demand 31 5.3 Analysis of the interactions between demand and socioeconomic attributes through Mixed Logit models 32 5.4 Mixed Logit model and interaction between age and the demand for the CTS 38 5.5 Demand analysis with Mixed Logit model 39 6 Final analyses and conclusions 45 6.1 Comparison between the results of the analyses 45 6.2 Conclusions 48 6.3 Answers to the research questions and future developments 52

The European commission

This monograph presents a summary account of the subject of a posteriori error estimation for finite element approximations of problems in mechanics. The study primarily focuses on methods for linear elliptic boundary value problems. However, error estimation for unsymmetrical systems, nonlinear problems, including the Navier-Stokes equations, and indefinite problems, such as represented by the Stokes problem are included. The main thrust is to obtain error estimators for the error measured in the energy norm, but techniques for other norms are also discussed.

A Posteriori Error Estimation in Finite Element Analysis

We present a source localization method based on a sparse representation of sensor measurements with an overcomplete basis composed of samples from the array manifold. We enforce sparsity by imposing penalties based on the /spl lscr//sub 1/-norm. A number of recent theoretical results on sparsifying properties of /spl lscr//sub 1/ penalties justify this choice. Explicitly enforcing the sparsity of the representation is motivated by a desire to obtain a sharp estimate of the spatial spectrum that exhibits super-resolution. We propose to use the singular value decomposition (SVD) of the data matrix to summarize multiple time or frequency samples. Our formulation leads to an optimization problem, which we solve efficiently in a second-order cone (SOC) programming framework by an interior point implementation. We propose a grid refinement method to mitigate the effects of limiting estimates to a grid of spatial locations and introduce an automatic selection criterion for the regularization parameter involved in our approach. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the method on simulated data by plots of spatial spectra and by comparing the estimator variance to the Crame/spl acute/r-Rao bound (CRB). We observe that our approach has a number of advantages over other source localization techniques, including increased resolution, improved robustness to noise, limitations in data quantity, and correlation of the sources, as well as not requiring an accurate initialization.

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A sparse signal reconstruction perspective for source localization with sensor arrays

This is the first of two papers concerning superconvergent recovery techniques and a posteriori error estimation. In this paper, a general recovery technique is developed for determining the derivatives (stresses) of the finite element solutions at nodes. The implementation of the recovery technique is simple and cost effective. The technique has been tested for a group of widely used linear, quadratic and cubic elements for both one and two dimensional problems. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the recovered nodal values of the derivatives with linear and cubic elements are superconvergent. One order higher accuracy is achieved by the procedure with linear and cubic elements but two order higher accuracy is achieved for the derivatives with quadratic elements. In particular, an O(h4) convergence of the nodal values of the derivatives for a quadratic triangular element is reported for the first time. The performance of the proposed technique is compared with the widely used smoothing procedure of global L2 projection and other methods. It is found that the derivatives recovered at interelement nodes, by using L2 projection, are also superconvergent for linear elements but not for quadratic elements. Numerical experiments on the convergence of the recovered solutions in the energy norm are also presented. Higher rates of convergence are again observed. The results presented in this part of the paper indicate clearly that a new, powerful and economical process is now available which should supersede the currently used post-processing procedures applied in most codes.

The superconvergent patch recovery and a posteriori error estimates. Part 1: The recovery technique

Preliminaries - Green's formula abstract setting of optimal shape design problem and its approximation shape optimization of systems governed by unilateral boundary value state problem - scalar case approximation of the optimal shape design problems by finite elements - scalar case numerical realization shape optimization in unilateral boundary value problems with "flux" cost functional optimal shape design in contact problems - elastic case shape optimization of elastic/perfectly plastic bodies in contact on the design of the optimal covering supported by an obstacle state constrained optimal control problems and their approximations FE-grid optimization concluding remarks on references on optimal shape design and related topics. Appendices: algorithms for FEM on the differentation of stiffness and mass matrices and force vectors subgradient method for convex linearly constrained optimization description of the sequential quadratic programming (SQP) algorithm on the differentiability of a projection on a convex set in Hilbert space.

Finite Element Approximation for Optimal Shape Design: Theory and Applications

Part 1 Nonsmooth analysis: introduction convex analysis nonsmooth differential theory nonsmooth geometry nonsmooth optimization theory. Part 2 Nonsmooth optimization: introduction a survey of bundle methods proximal bundle method for nonconvex constrained optimization numerical experiments. Part 3 Nonsmooth optimal control: distributed parameter control problems optimal shape design boundary control for Stefan type problems.

Nonsmooth Optimization: Analysis and Algorithms with Applications to Optimal Control

Motivating Examples * Preliminaries * Finite Element Approach for Partial Differential Equations * Control Problems * Numerical Analysis of Control Problems * State Constrained Control Problems.

Optimal control of nonlinear parabolic systems : theory, algorithms, and applications

Contents 1. Introduction. 2. Mathematical background. 3. A posteriori estimates for iteration methods. 4. A posteriori estimates for finite element approximations. 5. Foundations of duality theory. 6. Two-sided a posteriori estimates for linear elliptic problems. 7. A posteriori estimates for nonlinear variational problems. 8. A posteriori estimates for variational inequalities. Bibliography. Notation. Index.

Reliable Methods for Computer Simulation: Error Control and a Posteriori Estimates

A brief survey with a bibliography of superconvergence phenomena in finding a numerical solution of differential and integral equations is presented. A particular emphasis is laid on superconvergent schemes for elliptic problems in the plane employing the finite element method.

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Pekka Neittaanmäki

Papers

Finite Element Approximation for Optimal Shape Design: Theory and Applications

Nonsmooth Optimization: Analysis and Algorithms with Applications to Optimal Control

Optimal control of nonlinear parabolic systems : theory, algorithms, and applications

Reliable Methods for Computer Simulation: Error Control and a Posteriori Estimates

On superconvergence techniques