The replacement of fossil resources that currently provide more than 90% of our energy needs and feedstocks of the chemical industry in combination with reduced emission of carbon dioxide is one of the most pressing challenges of mankind. Biomass as a globally available resource has been proposed as an alternative feedstock for production of basic building blocks, which could partially or even fully replace the currently utilized fossil-based ones in well-established chemical processes. The destruction of lignocellulosic feed followed by oxygen removal from its cellulose and hemicellulose content by catalytic processes results in the formation of initial platform chemicals (IPCs). However, their sustainable production strongly depends on the availability of resources, their efficient or even industrially viable conversion processes, and replenishment time of feedstocks. Herein, we overview recent advances and developments in catalytic transformations of the carbohydrate content of lignocellulosic biomass ...

Catalytic Conversion of Carbohydrates to Initial Platform Chemicals: Chemistry and Sustainability

Hydrogen energy future with formic acid: a renewable chemical hydrogen storage system

Cost-effective electro-Fenton using modified graphite felt that dramatically enhanced on H2O2 electro-generation without external aeration

During cellulose dissolution in non-derivatizing solvents, the inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonds of the polymer are deconstructed. This occurs either by hydrogen bond formation between one or more components of the solvent systems and the hydroxyl groups of the cellulose or by coordination bond formation between the metal ion present in the medium and the hydroxyl group of cellulose molecules. None of the polymer molecules are actually chemically modified during dissolution. In the first part of this review, we examine the literature pertaining to the different interaction mechanisms between cellulose and non-derivatizing solvent systems with emphasis on the inorganic molten salt hydrates. In the second part of this effort, we further review inorganic molten salt hydrates from the point of view of the changes they impart to the physical properties of the cellulose and the various chemical reactions that can be performed in it.

Review of Cellulose Non-Derivatizing Solvent Interactions with Emphasis on Activity in Inorganic Molten Salt Hydrates

Electrogeneration of hydrogen peroxide for electro-Fenton system by oxygen reduction using chemically modified graphite felt cathode

Preparation of lactic acid, formic acid and acetic acid from cotton cellulose by the alkaline pre-treatment and hydrothermal degradation

Electro-Fenton degradation of cellulose using graphite/PTFE electrodes modified by 2-ethylanthraquinone

This study has investigated homogeneous degradation of cotton cellulose into furan derivatives, namely 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), 1-(furan-2-yl)-2-hydroxyethanone (FHE), and furfural (FF), in concentrated zinc chloride solution under biphasic reaction system with Lewis acids (ZnCl2) as catalysts. Compared with cellulose degradation in pure aqueous phase without any organic solvent, using the integrated reaction and extraction process has shown significant enhancement for the production of HMF, FF, and FHE although the effect on the HMF yield is most significant. However, when dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was added either in the reactive phase or in the extractive phase, the FHE production was inhibited but other product yields were increased. By optimizing the operation conditions, the maximum yields of HMF and FF have been achieved as 79.68 and 17.02 g/kg cellulose. These product yields were, respectively, 130.84 and 3.29 times of those obtained from the systems without any extraction solvent.

Homogeneous Degradation of Cotton Cellulose into Furan Derivatives in ZnCl2 Solution by Integration Technology of Reaction and Extraction

Mild Hydrothermal Degradation of Cotton Cellulose by using a Mixed‐Metal‐Oxide ZnO–ZrO2 Catalyst

BACKGROUND: A low-frequency electromagnetic field (LF-EMF) exerts important biological effects on the human body. OBJECTIVE: We previously studied the immunity and atrophy of gastrocnemius muscles in rats with spinal cord injuries and found that LF-EMF with a magnetic flux density of 1.5 mT exerted excellent therapeutic and preventive effects on reducing myotubes and increasing spatium intermusculare. However, the effects of LF-EMF on all stages of skeletal myogenesis, such as activation, proliferation, differentiation, and fusion of satellite cells to myotubes as stimulated by myogenic regulatoryfactors (MRFs), have not been fully elucidated. METHODS: This study investigated the optimal LF-EMF magnetic flux density that exerted maximal effects on all stages of C2C12 cell skeletal myogenesis as well as its impact on regulatory MRFs. RESULTS: The results showed that an LF-EMF with a magnetic flux density of 2.0 mT could activate C2C12 cells and upregulate the proliferation-promoting transcription factor PAX7. On the other hand, 1.5 mT EMF could upregulate the expression of MyoD and myogenin. CONCLUSION: LF-EMF could prevent the disappearance of myotubes, with different magnetic flux densities of LF-EMF exerting independent and positive effects on skeletal myogenesis such as satellite cell activation and proliferation, muscle cell differentiation, and myocyte fusion.

https://content.iospress.com/download/technology-and-health-care/thc228034?id=technology-and-health-care/thc228034

Regulation of skeletal myogenesis in C2C12 cells through modulation of Pax7, MyoD, and myogenin via different low-frequency electromagnetic field energies

Peng Gao

Papers

Preparation of lactic acid, formic acid and acetic acid from cotton cellulose by the alkaline pre-treatment and hydrothermal degradation

Electro-Fenton degradation of cellulose using graphite/PTFE electrodes modified by 2-ethylanthraquinone

Homogeneous Degradation of Cotton Cellulose into Furan Derivatives in ZnCl2 Solution by Integration Technology of Reaction and Extraction

Mild Hydrothermal Degradation of Cotton Cellulose by using a Mixed‐Metal‐Oxide ZnO–ZrO2 Catalyst

Regulation of skeletal myogenesis in C2C12 cells through modulation of Pax7, MyoD, and myogenin via different low-frequency electromagnetic field energies