This study addressed visual word recognition in deaf bilinguals who are proficient in German Sign Language (DGS) and German. The study specifically investigated whether DGS signs are activated during a monolingual German word recognition task despite the lack of similarity in German orthographic representations and DGS phonological representations. Deaf DGS-German bilinguals saw pairs of German words and decided whether the words were semantically related. Half of the experimental items had phonologically related translation equivalents in DGS. Participants were slower to reject semantically unrelated word pairs when the translation equivalents were phonologically related in DGS than when the DGS translations were phonologically unrelated. However, this was not the case in Turkish-German hearing bilinguals who do not have sign language knowledge. The results indicate that lexical representations are associated cross-linguistically in the bilingual lexicon irrespective of their orthographic or phonological form. Implications of these results for reading development in deaf German bilinguals are discussed.

Word recognition in deaf readers: cross-language activation of German Sign Language and German

In this chapter, I outline the development of some of the most widely used models of standardization and consider the extent to which they are able to account for the complexities of the standardization process and its different manifestations in diverse linguistic, historical and sociocultural contexts. The 2010s witnessed a renewed interest in standardization and the publication of a host of works addressing current questions such as restandardization or the applicability of models of standardization to minority and minoritized languages,1 as well as book-length studies of individual languages.2 Since standard language ideology has traditionally been associated with nationalist aspirations and identity politics, with its roots in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, recent studies have also questioned whether, in a postmodern world, with greater democratization and social change, the role of standard languages is weakening and the boundary between standard and non-standard is becoming less well defined (cf. Lüdi 2012: 217). All of this work has sharpened the need to reconsider the appropriateness of existing models and raised questions 1

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Modelling Language Standardization

Standardization and New Urban Vernaculars

Grammars, Dictionaries and Other Metalinguistic Texts in the Context of Language Standardization

Language standardization 'from above'

This chapter presents case studies of sign language transmission in European countries in which the majority of inhabitants all speak a Germanic-based language. Owing to space constraints, we are focusing in this chapter on Switzerland, Germany and the Netherlands as examples of the past and current practices of language transmission in this part of Europe, but by no means should this overview be interpreted as being inclusive of other countries of the region.

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Penny Boyes Braem

Papers

Sign Languages: Transmission of sign languages in Northern Europe