Brian Thompson is a Senior Nutrition Officer at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAO is an intergovernmental organization, it has 191 Member Nations, two associate members and one member organization, the European Union. As a knowledge organization, FAO creates and shares critical information about food, agriculture and natural resources in the form of global public goods. FAO plays a connector role, through identifying and working with different partners with established expertise, and facilitating a dialogue between those who have the knowledge and those who need it. By turning knowledge into action, FAO links the field to national, regional and global initiatives in a mutually reinforcing cycle. Its mandate is to raise levels of nutrition and standards of living. What is the size of the malnutrition problem and what regions are most affected? There are persistently high levels of undernutrition. Nearly 870 million people in the world go to bed hungry (1 in 8 people) according to the recently released report of The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2012 (SOFI) and 2 billion have some form of micronutrient malnutrition – this constitutes a crime against humanity and is a responsibility for all of us. Prevalence of undernourishment in developing countries has declined over the past two decades, from 23 to 15 percent. In terms of total numbers in 1990– 92, around 980 million individuals were estimated to be undernourished. The number dropped to 901 million in 1999– 2001, to 885 million in 2006–06 and to 852 million in 2007–09. The financial crisis, economic downturn, persistent food price volatility, drought and other repercussions of climate change since 2006–08 may have prevented any further significant improvements in the number of people who are undernourished in developing countries since then. Africa has by far the highest prevalence, at around 23 percent in 2010–12 but though it is down from what it was in 1990–92 (27 percent) the numbers have risen from 175 million to 239 million with nearly 20 million added in the past four years. In subSaharan Africa, the modest progress achieved in recent years up to 2007 was reversed, with hunger rising 2 percent per year since then. In Asia, both prevalence and numbers dropped over the same period from 24 percent (739 million) to 14 percent (563 million). Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) boasts the lowest rate of undernourishment (8 percent) among developing country regions but the rate of progress has slowed recently. Countries considered as leastdeveloped countries and lowincome economies have the highest prevalence rates of all around 30 percent but down from the 40 percent levels of twenty years ago.

Interview ラン・ラン

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社会・環境報告書 = Sustainability report

Africa is on the verge of a mining boom. We review the environmental threats from African mining development, including habitat alteration, infrastructure expansion, human migration, bushmeat hunting, corruption, and weak governance. We illustrate these threats in Central Africa, which contains the vast Congo rainforest, and show that more than a quarter of 4,151 recorded mineral occurrences are concentrated in three regions of biological endemism— the Cameroon-Gabon Lowlands, Eastern DRC Lowlands, and Albertine Rift Mountains—and that most of these sites are currently unprotected. Threats are not uniform spatially, and much of the Congo Basin is devoid of mineral occurrences and may be spared from direct mining impacts. Some of the environmental impacts of African mining development could potentially be offset: mining set-asides could protect some wildlife habitats, whereas improving transportation networks could increase crop yields and spare land for conservation. Research and policy measures are needed to (1) understand the synergies between mining and other development activities, (2) improve environmental impact assessments, (3) devise mitigation and offsetting mechanisms, and (4) identify market choke points where lobbying can improve environmental practice. Without careful management, rapid mining expansion and its associated secondary effects will have severe impacts on African environments and biodiversity.

Mining and the African Environment

Porter and Kramer (Harv Bus Rev 84(12):78–92, 2006; Harv Bus Rev 89(1/2), 62–77, 2011) introduced ‘shared value’ as a ‘new conception of capitalism,’ claiming it is a powerful driver of economic growth and reconciliation between business and society. The idea has generated strong interest in business and academia; however, its theoretical precepts have not been rigorously assessed. In this paper, we provide a systematic and thorough analysis of shared value, focusing on its ontological and epistemological properties. Our review highlights that ‘shared value’ has spread into the language of multiple disciplines, but that its current conceptualization is vague, and it presents important discrepancies in the way it is defined and operationalized, such that it is more of a buzzword than a substantive concept. It also overlaps with many other (related) concepts and lacks empirical grounding. We offer recommendations for defining and measuring the concept, take a step toward disentangling it from related concepts, and identify relevant theories and research methods that would facilitate extending the knowledge frontier on shared value.

Literature Review of Shared Value: A Theoretical Concept or a Management Buzzword?

Solar power potential of Tanzania: Identifying CSP and PV hot spots through a GIS multicriteria decision making analysis

Africa needs power - to grow its economies and enhance the welfare of its people. Power for all is still a long distance away - two thirds of the population remains without electricity and enterprises rank electricity as a top constraint to doing business. This sub-optimal situation coexists while vast energy resources remain untapped. One solution to harness these resources could be to tap into the concept of anchor load. Mining industry lends itself to the concept of anchor load as it needs power in large quantity and reliable quality to run its processes. Underpinned by a comprehensive database of mining projects between 2000 and 2020, this report explores the potential and challenges of using mining demand for power as anchor load for national power system development and expansion of electrification. This report finds that mining demand can indeed be a game-changer - an opportunity where policymakers and international community can make a difference in tapping the enormous mineral wealth of Africa for the benefit of so many people. The utilities would benefit from having mining companies as creditworthy consumers that facilitate generation and transmission investments producing economies of scale needed for large infrastructure projects, benefiting all consumers in the system. The mines would benefit from grid supply - typically priced much lower than self-supply - which allows them to focus on their core business, greatly enhancing their competitiveness. The country would benefit from more exports and tax revenues from mines, more job opportunities in local firms selling goods and services to the mines, and a higher GDP. The report estimates that mining demand for power can triple since 2000 going upto 23 GW in 2030. While South Africa will continue to be the dominant presence in mining landscape, its importance will reduce and other countries, primarily in Southern African region, will emerge as important contributers of mining demand for power. Simulations in countries with minimal power-mining interface suggests that bringing this demand explicitly into the power planning process can ensure more investments in both grid and off-grid power systems and potentially superior service delivery outcomes for mines as well as communities. These opportunities can also be attractive investment destinations for private sector. However, there are also risks and institutional roadblocks in power-mining integration - addressing many of them and employing risk mitigation mechanism are within the control of policymakers.

The Power of the Mine : A Transformative Opportunity for Sub-Saharan Africa [Le potentiel transformateur de l'industrie minière : Une opportunité pour l'électrification de l'Afrique subsaharienne]

The Natural Resource Governance Institute, an independent, non-profit organization, helps people to realize the benefits of their countries' oil, gas and mineral wealth through applied research, and innovative approaches to capacity development, technical advice and advocacy. Learn more at The Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment develops and disseminates practical approaches and solutions to maximize the impact of international investment for sustainable development. The Center undertakes its mission through interdisciplinary research, advisory projects, multi-stakeholder dialogue, educational programs, and the development of resources and tools. Andrew Bauer is an Economic Analyst with the Natural Resource Governance Institute (NRGI). At NRGI, he advises government officials, parliamentarians and civil society groups on oil, gas and mineral revenue management, intergovernmental transfers, natural resource sector gover-nance, and local content in the extractives, and is working with governments and companies to improve extractive sector transparency rules. Over the last 10 years, he has held positions in government, nonprofits and the private sector, including serving on Canada's G7/8 and G-20 teams while at the Department of Finance. He holds a BA in Economics and International Development Studies from McGill University and an MSc in Economics for Development from Oxford University. he was an analyst at Investec Asset Management, where he covered economic and political developments for the Emerging Market Debt team and was part of the firm's advisory team for central banks and sovereign wealth funds through the Investec Investment Institute. He has also worked at Central Banking Publications and the Official Monetary and Financial Institutions Forum in London. Malan holds an MSc in Economics from the University of Leuven and an MSc in Economic History from the London School of Economics, and is currently completing his PhD in Economics from the University of Stellenbosch on the topic of sovereign wealth funds. In those capacities, she leads research, training and advisory projects on fiscal regimes, financial modeling, leveraging extractive industry investments in rail, port, telecommunications , water and energy infrastructure for broader development needs, local content, revenue management, and optimal legal provisions for development benefits. Prior to joining the CCSI, she worked as a consultant for several non-profit organizations (World Bank, DFID, Natural Resource Governance Institute) and private sector companies (Natixis Corporate Investment Bank, Ernst and Young). Her experience includes auditing, financial analysis, IT for capital markets, public policy evaluation and cross-border project management. She has an MBA from ESSEC (Paris, France) and an MPA from Columbia University.

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Managing the Public Trust: How to Make Natural Resource Funds Work for Citizens

Africa is blessed with energy resources yet they go largely untapped. As a result, only one in three Africans has access to energy, which stymies economic growth on the continent and seriously limits human potential and well-being. If nothing changes, Sub-Saharan Africa as a region will actually see the number of people without electricity increase from 590 million in 2013 to 655 million by 2030. The report shows that the mining industry in Sub-Saharan Africa has been sourcing power in innovative ways- some involving national utilities and some not. The self-supply arrangement imposes a loss for everyone- people, utilities, mines, and national economies. Since 2000, mines in Africa have spent around $15.3 billion to cover their own electricity investment and operating costs and have installed 1,590 megawatts of generating capacity. None of this power made it onto a national grid. Irrespective of the country- ranging from areas where a grid barely exists, forcing mines to secure their own generation, to those with large, integrated grid systems- there is great potential for the mining industry to be used as an anchor customer to unlock energy resources for the sustainable development of the power sector. While the economic and business case for power-mining integration is strong, the report shows that this opportunity has largely been undeveloped. In some countries, integration could help connect many customers to mini-grids or national grids. In others, it has a facilitating role to support the power sector through greater mobilization of revenues from energy sales. The report also points to the challenges that must be overcome in this new and- in a developing country context- relatively unchartered area. But these are not insurmountable, and many countries that have integrated mining demand successfully in their power sectors offer proof that this untapped potential can be harnessed for national development.

The Power of the Mine: A Transformative Opportunity for Sub-Saharan Africa

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Leveraging Mining Investments in Water Infrastructure for Broad Economic Development: Models, Opportunities and Challenges

LISA SACHS is the director of CCSI. “In today’s world, increasingly mobile multinational enterprises (MNEs) and immobile locations are locked in a coevolutionary embrace. They need each other in the manner of bees and flowers. The benefits to locations from MNE knowledge spillovers create powerful arguments for government investment incentives. Hence I welcome this volume, edited as it is by four experts who collectively have many decades of relevant experience. They have assembled an enviable team of specialists who examine investment incentives from all the important perspectives – theory, practice and policy. I highly recommend this volume to scholars as well as policymakers.”

Perrine Toledano

Papers

The Power of the Mine : A Transformative Opportunity for Sub-Saharan Africa [Le potentiel transformateur de l'industrie minière : Une opportunité pour l'électrification de l'Afrique subsaharienne]

Managing the Public Trust: How to Make Natural Resource Funds Work for Citizens

The Power of the Mine: A Transformative Opportunity for Sub-Saharan Africa

Leveraging Mining Investments in Water Infrastructure for Broad Economic Development: Models, Opportunities and Challenges

Rethinking Investment Incentives: Trends and Policy Options