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Modern large retrieval environments tend to overwhelm their users by their large output. Since all documents are not of equal relevance to their users, highly relevant documents should be identified and ranked first for presentation. In order to develop IR techniques in this direction, it is necessary to develop evaluation approaches and methods that credit IR methods for their ability to retrieve highly relevant documents. This can be done by extending traditional evaluation methods, that is, recall and precision based on binary relevance judgments, to graded relevance judgments. Alternatively, novel measures based on graded relevance judgments may be developed. This article proposes several novel measures that compute the cumulative gain the user obtains by examining the retrieval result up to a given ranked position. The first one accumulates the relevance scores of retrieved documents along the ranked result list. The second one is similar but applies a discount factor to the relevance scores in order to devaluate late-retrieved documents. The third one computes the relative-to-the-ideal performance of IR techniques, based on the cumulative gain they are able to yield. These novel measures are defined and discussed and their use is demonstrated in a case study using TREC data: sample system run results for 20 queries in TREC-7. As a relevance base we used novel graded relevance judgments on a four-point scale. The test results indicate that the proposed measures credit IR methods for their ability to retrieve highly relevant documents and allow testing of statistical significance of effectiveness differences. The graphs based on the measures also provide insight into the performance IR techniques and allow interpretation, for example, from the user point of view.

https://www.cc.gatech.edu/~zha/CS8803WST/dcg.pdf

Cumulated gain-based evaluation of IR techniques

Doing Qualitative Research

I. INTRODUCTION TO EVALUATION. 1. Evaluation's Basic Purpose, Uses, and Conceptual Distinctions. 2. Origins of Modern Program Evaluation. 3. Recent Developments and Trends in Evaluation. II. ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO PROGRAM EVALUATION. 4. Alternative Views of Evaluation. 5. Objectives-Oriented Evaluation Approaches. 6. Management-Oriented Evaluation Approaches. 7. Consumer-Oriented Evaluation Approaches. 8. Expertise-Oriented Evaluation Approaches. 9. Adversary-Oriented Evaluation Approaches. 10. Participant-Oriented Evaluation Approaches. 11. Alternative Evaluation Approaches: A Summary and Comparative Analysis. III. PRACTICAL GUIDELINES FOR PLANNING EVALUATION. 12. Clarifying the Evaluation Request and Responsibilities. 13. Setting Boundaries and Analyzing the Evaluation Context. 14. Identifying and Selecting the Evaluative Questions and Criteria. 15. Planning How to Conduct the Evaluation. IV. PRACTICAL GUIDELINES FOR CONDUCTING AND USING EVALUATIONS. 16. Dealing with Political, Ethical, and Interpersonal Aspects of Evaluation. 17. Collecting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Quantitative Information. 18. Collecting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Qualitative Information. 19. Reporting and Using Evaluation Information. 20. Evaluating Evaluations. V. EMERGING AND FUTURE SETTINGS FOR PROGRAM EVALUATION. 21. Conducting Multiple-Site Evaluation Studies. 22. Conducting Evaluations of Organizations Renewal and Training in Corporate and Nonprofit Settings. 23. The Future of Evaluation. Appendix: Some General Areas of Competence Important in Education Evaluation.

http://platform.almanhal.com/Files/?ID=T2-41793-MLA0011322.pdf

تقويم البرنامج : طرق بديلة و إرشادات عملية = Program evaluation Alternative Approaches and Practical Guidelines

This paper revisits the data-information-knowledge-wisdom (DIKW) hierarchy by examining the articulation of the hierarchy in a number of widely read textbooks, and analysing their statements about the nature of data, information, knowledge, and wisdom. The hierarchy referred to variously as the 'Knowledge Hierarchy', the 'Information Hierarchy' and the 'Knowledge Pyramid' is one of the fundamental, widely recognized and 'taken-for-granted' models in the information and knowledge literatures. It is often quoted, or used implicitly, in definitions of data, information and knowledge in the information management, information systems and knowledge management literatures, but there has been limited direct discussion of the hierarchy. After revisiting Ackoff's original articulation of the hierarchy, definitions of data, information, knowledge and wisdom as articulated in recent textbooks in information systems and knowledge management are reviewed and assessed, in pursuit of a consensus on definitions and transformation processes. This process brings to the surface the extent of agreement and dissent in relation to these definitions, and provides a basis for a discussion as to whether these articulations present an adequate distinction between data, information, and knowledge. Typically information is defined in terms of data, knowledge in terms of information, and wisdom in terms of knowledge, but there is less consensus in the description of the processes that transform elements lower in the hierarchy into those above them, leading to a lack of definitional clarity. In addition, there is limited reference to wisdom in these texts.

/pdf/the-wisdom-hierarchy-representations-of-the-dikw-hierarchy-3ivs6n0ccz.pdf

The wisdom hierarchy: representations of the DIKW hierarchy

Analyzing actions to be supported by information and information retrieval (IR) systems is vital for understanding the needs of different types of information, search strategies and relevance assessments, in short, understanding IR. A necessary condition for this understanding is to link results from information seeking studies to the body of knowledge by IR studies. The actions to be focused on in this paper are tasks from the angle of problem solving. I will analyze certain features of work tasks and relate these features to types of information people are looking for and using in their tasks, patterning of search strategies for obtaining information and relevance assessments in choosing retrieved documents. The major claim is that these information activities are systematically connected to task complexity and structure of the problem at hand. The argumentation is based on both theoretical and empirical results from studies on information retrieval and seeking.

Task complexity, problem structure and information actions: integrating studies on information seeking and retrieval

La prise en compte de la tâche en vue de laquelle une recherche d'information a ete entreprise est necessaire a une meilleure comprehension du processus de recherche et, par extension, a l'amelioration de la conception de systemes. L'A. passe en revue les etudes portant sur les relations entre la performance de tâche et le processus de recherche, notamment dans l'environnement electronique. La litterature sur la recherche d'information presente differentes conceptions de la tâche, telle que l'analyse de tâche, et differents types d'objectifs de recherche. La modelisation du processus de recherche doit prendre en compte ces tâches et les caracteristiques du systeme. Il existe differents modeles et theories reliant les caracteristiques des tâches et la recherche d'information, - ASK (Anomalous State of Knowledge), analyse cognitive du travail, modele de Kulthau, theorie cognitive, modele comportemental d'Ellis ou encore modele berry-picking (cueillette de fruits) de Bates. L'A. rapporte egalement les resultats d'etudes empiriques portant sur les relations entre performance de tâche et divers aspects de la recherche d'information (utilisation des sources, besoin d'information, tactique de recherche). Intervient egalement l'evaluation par l'utilisateur de la pertinence et de l'utilite de l'information obtenue par rapport a la tâche a accomplir. Enfin, l'A. s'interesse aux outils facilitant le processus de recherche, tels que l'elargissement de la question.

Task-based information searching

The aim of this article is threefold: (1) to give a summary of empirical results reported earlier on relations between students‘ problem stages in the course of writing their research proposals for a master’s thesis and the information sought, choice of search terms and tactics and relevance assessments of the information found for that task; (2) to show how the findings of the study refine Kuhlthau‘s model of the information search process in the field of information retrieval (IR); and (3) to construe a tentative theory of a task‐based IR process based on the supported hypotheses. The results of the empirical studies show that there is a close connection between the students’ problem stages (mental model) in the task performance and the information sought, the search tactics used and the assessment of the relevance and utility of the information found. The corroborated hypotheses expand the ideas in Kuhlthau‘s model in the domain of IR. A theory of task‐based information searching based on the empirical findings of the study is presented.

A Theory of the Task-based Information Retrieval Process: A Summary and Generalisation of a Longitudinal Study.

The objective of this study is to analyse how changes in relevance criteria are related to changes in problem stages during the task performance process. Relevance is understood as a task‐ and process‐oriented user construct. The assessment of relevance is based on both retrieved bibliographical information and the documents acquired and read on the basis of this information. The participants of the study were eleven students who attended a course for one term for preparing a research proposal for the master’s thesis. The students were asked to make an IR search at the beginning, middle and end of the course. Data for describing their understanding of the work task, search goals and tactics as well as relevance assessments were collected during the search sessions. Pre‐ and post‐search interviews were conducted during each session. The students were asked to think aloud during the search session. The transaction logs were captured and the thinking aloud was recorded. Research and search diaries were also collected. The findings support to a certain extent the overall hypotheses that a person’s problem stage during task performance is related to his or her use of relevance criteria in assessing retrieved references and documents. There is a connection between an individual’s changing understanding of his or her task and how the relevance of references and full texts is judged. The more structured the task in the process, the more able the person is to distinguish between relevant and other sources. The relevance criteria of documents changed more than the criteria of references during the process. Moreover, it seems that understanding of topicality varies depending on the phase of the process.

Changes in relevance criteria and problem stages in task performance

A content analysis of the research of library and information science (LIS) from 1965 to 1985 is reported. The aim is to find out how international research in LIS is distributed over topics, and what approaches and methods have been used to investigate these topics. The study samples consist of 142, 359, and 449 full-length research articles published in 1965, 1975, and 1985, respectively, in core LIS journals. The proportion of library and information service activities, and information storage and retrieval among the topics of the research articles was each 25% to 30% through the years. There was very little research on methodology (1%–8%), information seeking (6%–8%), and scientific communication (5%–7%). The proportion of empirical research strategies was high (49%–56%) with survey method (20%–23%) as the single most important method. A conceptual research strategy (mainly verbal argumentation) was employed in 23%–29% of the articles and system analysis, description and design in 10%–15%. The most remarkable changes from 1965 to 1985 are the loss of interest in methodology and in the analysis of LIS and the change of interest in information storage and retrieval from classification and indexing (from 22% to 6%) to retrieval (from 4% to 13%). Cross-tabulations of article topics with research strategies and approaches are presented.

Pertti Vakkari

Papers

Task complexity, problem structure and information actions: integrating studies on information seeking and retrieval

Task-based information searching

A Theory of the Task-based Information Retrieval Process: A Summary and Generalisation of a Longitudinal Study.

Changes in relevance criteria and problem stages in task performance

The evolution of library and information science 1965–1985: a content analysis of journal articles