According to W. Edwards Deming, American companies require nothing less than a transformation of management style and of governmental relations with industry. In Out of the Crisis, originally published in 1982, Deming offers a theory of management based on his famous 14 Points for Management. Management's failure to plan for the future, he claims, brings about loss of market, which brings about loss of jobs. Management must be judged not only by the quarterly dividend, but by innovative plans to stay in business, protect investment, ensure future dividends, and provide more jobs through improved product and service. In simple, direct language, he explains the principles of management transformation and how to apply them.

Out of the Crisis

萨义德以其独特的双重身份,对西方中心权力话语做了分析,通过对文学作品、演讲演说等文本的解读,将O rie n ta lis m——"东方学",做了三重释义:一门学科、一种思维方式和一种权力话语系统,对东方学权力话语做了系统的批判,同时将东方学放入空间维度对东方学文本做了细致的解读。

萨义德的“Orientalism”释义

This paper contributes to the public and academic debate on the appropriateness of young Westerners’ participation in projects of volunteer tourism conducted in developing countries. Ethnographic research was carried out in the context of an Australian program that organizes short-term group placements for university students in countries like Vietnam, Mexico and Fiji. The results illustrate that such projects can produce similar benefits to other educational initiatives of international volunteering and service (IVS) in terms of global engagement, career development, intercultural competence and psychological support. However, for these projects to avoid public critiques and negative outcomes, they need to harmonize personal and institutional expectations with real volunteer capacities. Thus, until IVS programs in the university context distance themselves from a development aid discourse, they will potentially fall under the umbrella of “neo-colonialism”. The research provides a model of impact analysis...

Volunteer tourism, development and education in a postcolonial world: conceiving global connections beyond aid

Volunteer tourism: A review

This report is summarised by the documents 'Prosperity without growth? : summary' and 'Ffyniant heb dwf? : crynodeb'

Prosperity without growth? : the transition to a sustainable economy : [summary]

This article discusses the history and evolution of international volunteer-sending agencies and volunteers as a response not only to symptoms but also to causes of global poverty and inequality. It considers how international volunteers might be defined, what makes their role different from other forms of overseas development assistance (particularly their contribution to capacity development), and the positives and negatives that may accompany those differences. It also reflects on international volunteers' suitability as contributors in the transition to a globally more ecologically sustainable state, presenting some insights from volunteers and other stakeholders.

International volunteering for development and sustainability: outdated paternalism or a radical response to globalisation?

There is a dearth of research on the work of international volunteers in development even though they have been operating for over 50 years and it is a growing field of interest. This research investigates the current international development context and the characteristics, contributions and recognition of international volunteers who serve, through independent international volunteer cooperation organisations (IVCOs), for at least one year in development and sustainability work. International volunteers are an expression of civil society’s interest in international development providing a public face for development practices. International volunteers are not generally regarded as a significant part of aid from donor countries yet they address the Paris Declaration principles on development effectiveness like mutual accountability more successfully in many cases than conventional technical assistance.

My research methods included reflection and analysis of my personal and professional experience; reviewing documentation and research literature; a six week email discussion hosted by United Nations Volunteers World Volunteer Web with participants in 100 countries; an email survey of 30 international volunteers across 16 countries; and interviewing 24 volunteers and 75 other stakeholders mainly in Central America and Cambodia. The email survey and interview results were organised and analysed using NVivo software.

There is now mainstream consensus on major problems with conventional forms of development, particularly through technical assistance. Key elements of the international volunteer role and characteristics were found to be particularly conducive to improve on past practices and fit the new requirements of the current development context and its key links to sustainability. These include the importance of accompaniment and three way accountability (between local host, IVCO and volunteer); the relevance of living and working under local conditions and engaging with cross cultural issues; as well as important learning, liaison and bridging roles. Recognition of the volunteer contributions by Southern hosts and other development stakeholders was higher than even they expected with special recognition of complementary but distinct roles. However with this recognition comes the temptation to encourage volunteers and IVCOs to reproduce the existing roles and characteristics of other development practitioners.

Philosophically and practically, international volunteers for development and sustainability fit well within a relational view of development. This relational view emphasises capacity development, reciprocal learning and an indirect approach to cultivate respect for local ownership, autonomy and accountability in development. The research concludes with four key recommendations for research and practice in the sector and a personal reflection. The recommendations encourage: 1.) IVCOs to compare international volunteer contributions against the Paris Principles and not dilute their approach to duplicate existing development practice; 2.) further research on international volunteer contributions to the Paris Principles and relational development by investigating the experience of IVCOs, volunteers and communities before, during and after assignments; 3.) further research comparing volunteer development experiences by duration, country, IVCO type, host category and sector; and 4.) organisational analysis of IVCOs compared to other development and volunteer organisations.

International volunteers: cheap help or transformational solidarity toward sustainable development

Volunteer tourism or voluntourism has become an extremely popular form of tourism as well as attracting significant and growing academic attention (Wearing & McGehee, 2013). In 2001 Wearing defined volunteer tourism (drawing on his own research in community based ecotourism and volunteer tourism in Costa Rica) as: “those tourists who, for various reasons, volunteer in an organized way to undertake holidays that might involve aiding or alleviating the material poverty of some groups in society, the restoration of certain environments, or research into aspects of society or environment” (Wearing, 2001:1). The significant growth in academic interest in the topic is reflected in a web of science search for volunteer tourism peer reviewed literature which counts 1 for 2001, 4 for 2008, 15 for 2013 and 41 for 2016 and the publication of a review paper in the leading journal Tourism Management (Wearing & McGehee, 2013) and several journal special issues.

Voluntourism and the Sustainable Development Goals

With the onset of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris Agreement on climate change, the world’s nations were to create economic development integrating environmental and social improvement. However, there is still much uncertainty in the world of politics and academia as to whether these integrated goals are achievable and how they can fit best with diverse national and local contexts. Thus, there is always a need to find nations that can show how it can be achieved in different settings shaped by local experiences, challenges, and opportunities. Bhutan could be one of these nations as it could be argued that it has, to an extent, simplified the task to fit its values and aspirations. Bhutan has three major goals that need to be integrated: Wealth (GDP) to align with their middle-income aspiration, thus providing opportunities for employment, Greenhouse Gas emissions (GHG) that are maintained at a carbon neutral level, which is beyond most national commitments, and Bhutan’s renowned Gross National Happiness (GNH) index, which covers their socio-economic goals. We show this integration and then synthesize some core findings from a literature review on the theory and practice of sustainable development through the lens of the three integrated goals of Bhutan, thereby placing the case of Bhutan into the wider literature. This paper seeks to show how one emerging nation can model an operational sustainability policy. The paper highlights some plausible synergies between the 17 SDGs and the domains and indicators of GNH that could help nations struggling with how they can create sensible sustainability outcomes from these new global agendas. Bhutan has framed the GNH as its contribution to sustainability. However, this paper suggests that it may be the integration of the GNH with GDP and GHG that is its real contribution. Furthermore, Bhutan’s 3G model of fully integrating GNH, GDP, and GHG suggests a way forward for achieving their imperatives of economic growth, whilst enabling the SDGs and achieving the difficult climate change goal. It may also suggest a model for other nations wanting to find a complementary way of framing economic growth, the 17 SDGs, and the Paris Agreement into a coherent set of policies.

Sustainability in an Emerging Nation: The Bhutan Case Study

With volunteering recognised for its invaluable cross-cutting role, this paper seeks common ground between national and international volunteering agendas within the new global context created by the adoption of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in January 2016. By highlighting the dearth of research at the intersection between national and international volunteering, and by examining opportunities for collaboration and consolidation, the authors propose that now is the time to bring the separate research agendas together.

Peter Devereux

Papers

International volunteering for development and sustainability: outdated paternalism or a radical response to globalisation?

International volunteers: cheap help or transformational solidarity toward sustainable development

Voluntourism and the Sustainable Development Goals

Sustainability in an Emerging Nation: The Bhutan Case Study

Volunteering and the UN sustainable development goals: Finding common grou nd between national and international volunteering agendas?