https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/2.1441707jes/pdf

Review—SEI: Past, Present and Future

The ever-growing demand for advanced rechargeable lithium-ion batteries in portable electronics and electric vehicles has spurred intensive research efforts over the past decade. The key to sustaining the progress in Li-ion batteries lies in the quest for safe, low-cost positive electrode (cathode) materials with desirable energy and power capabilities. One approach to boost the energy and power densities of batteries is to increase the output voltage while maintaining a high capacity, fast charge–discharge rate, and long service life. This review gives an account of the various emerging high-voltage positive electrode materials that have the potential to satisfy these requirements either in the short or long term, including nickel-rich layered oxides, lithium-rich layered oxides, high-voltage spinel oxides, and high-voltage polyanionic compounds. The key barriers and the corresponding strategies for the practical viability of these cathode materials are discussed along with the optimization of electrolytes and other cell components, with a particular emphasis on recent advances in the literature. A concise perspective with respect to plausible strategies for future developments in the field is also provided.

High-voltage positive electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Highly porous graphitic biomass carbon as advanced electrode materials for supercapacitors

Carbon anode materials for lithium ion batteries

Publisher Summary In energy-filtering transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM), the zero-loss electrons or electrons passing an energy-loss window of the electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) are used for image formation. This can be achieved by using the scanning mode in a dedicated scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) or in a TEM with a spectrometer behind the camera chamber or by using an imaging filter lens in the column of a TEM. The conventional TEM and STEM modes can be combined in this way with the mode of electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI) and electron spectroscopic diffraction (ESD), and different modes can be used to record an EELS spectrum. An EFTEM can therefore make full use of elastic and inelastic electron-specimen interactions. This chapter provides an overview of the physical background and the possibilities of EFTEM. The relevant physics of elastic and inelastic scattering is also discussed followed by the instrumentation of EFTEM. The theoretical approaches for understanding the contrast and examples of application are presented for ESI and for ESD.

Energy-filtering transmission electron microscopy

XPS studies of graphite electrode materials for lithium ion batteries

Modified carbons for improved anodes in lithium ion cells

New examples for near-edge fine structures in electron energy loss spectroscopy

Rechargeable lithium ion cells operate at voltages of ∼4.5 V, which is far beyond the thermodynamic stability window of the battery electrolyte. Strong electrolyte reduction and corrosion of the negative electrode has to be anticipated, which leads to irreversible loss of electroactive material and electrolyte, and thus strongly deteriorates cell performance. To minimize these reactions, negative electrode and electrolyte components have to be combined bringing about the electrolyte reduction products to form an effectively protecting film at the anode/electrolyte interface. This film hinders further electrolyte decomposition reactions and acts as membrane for the lithium cations, i.e., behaves as asolidelectrolytei2nt erphase (SEI). The present paper gives a review of our recent work in the field of negative electrodes in lithium ion batteries. The effects of the graphite anode surface and graphite anode surface modification on the formation of the SEI are discussed in detail by using the example: modification with carbon dioxide.

Negative electrodes in rechargeable lithium ion batteries — Influence of graphite surface modification on the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase

Peter Golob

Papers

XPS studies of graphite electrode materials for lithium ion batteries

Modified carbons for improved anodes in lithium ion cells

New examples for near-edge fine structures in electron energy loss spectroscopy

Negative electrodes in rechargeable lithium ion batteries — Influence of graphite surface modification on the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase

EELS quantification of the elements Sr to W by means of M45 edges