WHEN T H E BROOKINGS Panel on Economic Activity began in 1970, the world economy roughly accorded with the idea of three distinct economic systems: a capitalist first world, a socialist second world, and a developing third world which aimed for a middle way between the first two. The third world was characterized not only by its low levels of per capita GDP, but also by a distinctive economic system that assigned the state sector the predominant role in industrialization, although not the monopoly on industrial ownership as in the socialist economies. The years between 1970 and 1995, and especially the last decade, have witnessed the most remarkable institutional harmonization and economic integration among nations in world history. While economic integration was increasing throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the extent of integration has come sharply into focus only since the collapse of communism in 1989. In 1995 one dominant global economic system is emerging. The common set of institutions is exemplified by the new World Trade Organization (WTO), which was established by agreement of more than 120 economies, with almost all the rest eager to join as rapidly as possible. Part of the new trade agreement involves a codification of basic principles governing trade in goods and services. Similarly, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) now boasts nearly universal membership, with member countries pledged to basic principles of currency convertibility. Most programs of economic reform now underway in the developing world and in the post-communist world have as their strategic aim the

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Economic Reform and the Process of Global Integration

1. Equilibrium party hegemony 2. Structural determinants of mass support 3. Budget cycles under autocracy 4. The politics of vote-buying 5. Judging economic performance in hard times 6. Ideological divisions in the opposition camp 7. How voters choose and mass coordination dilemmas 8. Electoral fraud and the game of electoral transitions 9. Conclusion.

http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/cpworkshop/papers/Magaloni.pdf

Voting for Autocracy: Hegemonic Party Survival and its Demise in Mexico

Author(s): Fox, Jonathan A | Abstract: Electoral competition is necessary but not sufficient for the consolidation of democratic regimes; not all elections are free and fair; nor do they necessarily lead to actual civilian rule or respect for human rights. If there is more to democracy than elections, then there is more to democratization than the transition to elections. But in spite of the rich literature on the emergence of electoral competition, the dynamics of political transitions toward respect for other fundamental democratic rights is still not well understood.Political democracy is defined here in classic procedural terms: free and fair electoral contestation for governing offices based on universal suffrage, guaranteed freedoms of association and expression, accountability through the rule of law, and civilian control of the military. Although analyses of democratization typically acknowledge that these are all necessary criteria, most examine only electoral competition. This study, however, develops a framework for explaining progress toward another necessary condition for democratization respect for associational autonomy, which allows citizens to organize in defense of their own interests and identities without fear of external intervention or punishment.

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The Difficult Transition from Clientelism to Citizenship: Lessons from Mexico

Part I. The Macro Perspective: 1. A theory of single-party dominance and opposition party development 2. Dominant party advantages and opposition party failure, 1930s-90s Part II. The Micro Perspective: 3. Why participate? A theory of elite activism in dominant party systems 4. The empirical dynamics of elite activism Part III. Implications: 5. Constrained to the core: opposition party organizations, 1980s-90s 6. Dominance defeated: voting behavior in the 2000 elections 7. Extending the argument: Italy, Japan, Malaysia, and Taiwan.

/pdf/why-dominant-parties-lose-mexico-s-democratization-in-niic8qlxjk.pdf

Why Dominant Parties Lose: Mexico's Democratization in Comparative Perspective

Scholars and policymakers alike have recently begun to tout the ability of international organizations (IOs) to encourage and secure democracy throughout the world. Despite this stance, little theoretical attention or empirical investigation has attempted to ascertain why or whether this relationship truly exists. One challenge to answering this puzzle is that extant theories of international institutions do not generally delineate clear hypotheses about how IOs influence domestic politics. In this article, I address this paucity of both theory and empirical evidence. I delineate three causal mechanisms that link IOs to domestic actors' calculations about political liberalization and test the argument. I find that membership in regional IOs is correlated with transitions to democracy during the period from 1950 to 1992.

Democracy from the Outside-In? International Organizations and Democratization

The new edition of this interpretive history has been brought up to date in all areas, especially in its treatment of the recent developments in Central America, and features a new chapter on the Caribbean. As before, the authors illustrate such central themes as European-Indian and European-African interaction, large-scale immigration in the late 19th and 20th centuries, populist political leadership, military takeovers, and American intervention in the region, examining the influence of economic forces and social tensions on political conflict in each case and discussing recent economic developments.

Modern Latin America

Thoroughly updated in its second edition, Democracy in Latin America provides an in-depth and accessible survey of processes of democratization in Latin America from 1900 to the present In clear and jargon-free prose, acclaimed author Peter H Smith examines the origins and evolution of democracy in Latin America; the adoption and reform of electoral institutions; the policy performance of contemporary democracies; the political representation of women, workers, and indigenous peoples; and trends in public opinion Adroitly blending qualitative and quantitative approaches, Democracy in Latin America, Second Edition, offers an innovative perspective on democratic change in Latin America Enhanced by photos and text boxes featuring portraits of personalities, explanations about methodology, and comments on conceptual approaches, it is ideal for undergraduate and graduate courses in political science, history, Latin American studies, and history FEATURES OF THE SECOND EDITION: * Updates empirical information on present-day developments, such as women's representation, the empowerment of indigenous peoples, and anti-poverty policies * Interprets the emergence of the "new Left" as part of a recurring dialectic within Latin American democracy * Analyzes the changing roles of the judiciary * Considers the relationship between social status and satisfaction with democracy * Reassesses the relative balance between "liberal" and "illiberal" democracy throughout the region * Provides a completely new analysis of public opinion on the basis of raw survey data * Takes into account the contemporary international environment, inlcuding the rise of China

Democracy in Latin America: Political Change in Comparative Perspective

Contrary to widespread expectation, the ending of the Cold War has not produced continuous harmony and cooperation in U.S.-Latin American relations. Instead, NAFTA seems to threaten as much as it promises; economic prospects have been shaken by the Mexican currency crisis; the "war on drugs" continues to escalate; and xenophobic reactions to the migration of Latin Americans into the United States, typified by California's Proposition 187, seize headlines and editorial pages. Spanning almost two hundred years, Talons of the Eagle tells the turbulent story of U.S.-Latin American relations from the birth of the United States and the new Latin American nations through the Cold War to the present day. Focusing not on U.S. policy alone, but on the intricate network of relationships between the United States and its neighbors, Peter H. Smith sheds penetrating new light on trends and events in the Americas.

Talons of the Eagle: Dynamics of U. S. -Latin American Relations

Labyrinths of Power: Political Recruitment in Twentieth-Century Mexico

Preface Acknowledgments Introduction: Global Politics and U.S.-Latin American Relations I. THE IMPERIAL ERA 1. The European Game 2. The Gospel of Democracy 3. Latin America: Responses to Imperialism II. THE COLD WAR 4. Closing Ranks and Making Friends 5. Crushing Enemies 6. Latin America: Fighting the Cold War III. DECADE OF UNCERTAINTY 7. Superpower Economics 8. Illicit Flows and Military Force 9. Latin America: In Quest of Alternatives IV. THE WAR ON TERROR 10. George Bush and Latin America 11. Latin America: Exploring Unexpected Opportunities 12. Can There Be Policy Alternatives? Conclusion: Structure and Change in U.S.-Latin American Relations A Guide to Further Reading Notes Index

Peter H. Smith

Papers

Modern Latin America

Democracy in Latin America: Political Change in Comparative Perspective

Talons of the Eagle: Dynamics of U. S. -Latin American Relations

Labyrinths of Power: Political Recruitment in Twentieth-Century Mexico

Talons of the eagle : Latin America, the United States, and the world