In this article, I review the diverse ways in which perceived self-efficacy contributes to cognitive development and functioning. Perceived self-efficacy exerts its influence through four major processes. They include cognitive, motivational, affective, and selection processes. There are three different levels at which perceived self-efficacy operates as an important contributor to academic development. Students' beliefs in their efficacy to regulate their own learning and to master academic activities determine their aspirations, level of motivation, and academic accomplishments. Teachers' beliefs in their personal efficacy to motivate and promote learning affect the types of learning environments they create and the level of academic progress their students achieve. Faculties' beliefs in their collective instructional efficacy contribute significantly to their schools' level of academic achievement. Student body characteristics influence school-level achievement more strongly by altering faculties' beli...

https://www.itma.vt.edu/courses/tel/resources/bandura(1993)_self-efficacy.pdf

Perceived Self-Efficacy in Cognitive Development and Functioning

I propose that the ways people respond to their own symptoms of depression influence the duration of these symptoms. People who engage in ruminative responses to depression, focusing on their symptoms and the possible causes and consequences of their symptoms, will show longer depressions than people who take action to distract themselves from their symptoms. Ruminative responses prolong depression because they allow the depressed mood to negatively bias thinking and interfere with instrumental behavior and problem-solving. Laboratory and field studies directly testing this theory have supported its predictions. I discuss how response styles can explain the greater likelihood of depression in women than men. Then I intergrate this response styles theory with studies of coping with discrete events. The response styles theory is compared to other theories of the duration of depression. Finally, I suggest what may help a depressed person to stop engaging in ruminative responses and how response styles for depression may develop.

Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes.

Interpreting the Clinical Importance of Treatment Outcomes in Chronic Pain Clinical Trials: IMMPACT Recommendations

OBJECTIVE Somatization is prevalent in primary care and is associated with substantial functional impairment and healthcare utilization. However, instruments for identifying and monitoring somatic symptoms are few in number and not widely used. Therefore, we examined the validity of a brief measure of the severity of somatic symptoms. METHODS The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) is a self-administered version of the PRIME-MD diagnostic instrument for common mental disorders. The PHQ-15 comprises 15 somatic symptoms from the PHQ, each symptom scored from 0 ("not bothered at all") to 2 ("bothered a lot"). The PHQ-15 was administered to 6000 patients in eight general internal medicine and family practice clinics and seven obstetrics-gynecology clinics. Outcomes included functional status as assessed by the 20-item Short-Form General Health Survey (SF-20), self-reported sick days and clinic visits, and symptom-related difficulty. RESULTS As PHQ-15 somatic symptom severity increased, there was a substantial stepwise decrement in functional status on all six SF-20 subscales. Also, symptom-related difficulty, sick days, and healthcare utilization increased. PHQ-15 scores of 5, 10, 15, represented cutoff points for low, medium, and high somatic symptom severity, respectively. Somatic and depressive symptom severity had differential effects on outcomes. Results were similar in the primary care and obstetrics-gynecology samples. CONCLUSIONS The PHQ-15 is a brief, self-administered questionnaire that may be useful in screening for somatization and in monitoring somatic symptom severity in clinical practice and research.

The PHQ-15: validity of a new measure for evaluating the severity of somatic symptoms.

Measuring Health: A Guide to Rating Scales and Questionnaires

Publications and Papers

Emotional Disorders (Contributors: A. Ehlers W. Battmann J.A. Franklin, G. Andrews S. Srinivasan C. Moran, G. Andrews M. Akhtar C.-W. Kohlmann, P. Singer, H.W. Krohne K. Myambo J.M. McWilliams, J. Schnorr J. Dua D. Morawetz E.M. Heiby W.M. Reynolds D.J. Kavanagh G.H. Eifert, L. Craill). Addictive and Eating Disorders (Contributors: N. Heather H. Leventhal, R. Fleming, D. Wagstaff N. Maus, V. Pudel, J. Westenhofer, G. Tischner-Krause W.R. Coleman, A.M. Woltman E.H. Wertheim, C. Gaab, B.J. Coish, K. Weiss ) Childhood Disorders and Developmental Disabilities (Contributors: R. McGee, S. Williams R.J. Resnick, K.P. Schonauer C. Dissanayake, S.A. Crossley D.E. Nathanson J.L. Sheppard) Schizophrenia (Contributors: E. Walker V. Carr, J. Wale B.R. Rund W.D. Pithers W.H. Holtzman) Neuropsychology (Contributors: J.I. Laszlo, P.J. Bairstow L.A. Miller R. Gonzalez, M.C. Ventura ' L.E. Baade, B. Silkey, N.E. Roach, R.A. Guthrie D. Ivison F. Lane, J. Snowdon) Health Psychology (Contributors: A. Leppin, R. Schwarzer N. Rossi, P.E. Ricci Bitti, L.A. Bonatti, P.L. Garotti, C. Borghi, F.V. Costa G. Rodriguez, R. Hernandez-Pozo, J.M. Alavarez-Manilla, J. Negrete S. Schwartz P.C. Birrell B. Oldenburg, R. Allan, G. Fastier J.B. Pimm, J.R. Jude A. Gilbert, N. Quintrell J.C. Richards, M.M. Wood, R.S. Kalucy, V.R. Marshall, D. Derham A.W. Webber, C. Negy, R.K. Young B.J. Jardine, C.O. Fraser D. Frey, O. Rogner, D. Havemann S.H. Spence). Author Index. Committees of the XXIV International Congress of Psychology. International Union of Psychological Science.

Clinical and Abnormal Psychology

This article was written as a tribute to Robin Winkler, who died on 26 November 1986 after a long illness. The aim of the paper is to highlight Robin's major achievements in his research activity and to point out the themes that run through his work. These themes include his emphasis on the just and humane treatment of the disadvantaged, the recognition of the social context in which psychological treatment and research is conducted, and the interrelations between psychology and economics. The changes that took place in the direction of his work thoughout his career are discussed. Robin's impact on psychology in Australia will continue to find expression through the influence he has had on his many friends and colleagues.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/536B4842E146958901676ECFD8619673/S0813483900008354a.pdf/div-class-title-in-memory-of-robin-winkler-his-contribution-to-behaviour-modification-in-australia-div.pdf

In Memory of Robin Winkler: His Contribution to Behaviour Modification in Australia

Irrational Numbers in Vitruvius’s Fanum Basilica

techniques presented in this therapy manual. As clinical researchers, Turner and Beidel have translated available empirical findings and their own specific research into a useful clinical guide for both inpatient and outpatient treatment of this once recalcitrant disorder. The book is organised in a logical sequence of seven chapters with the first chapter describing the clinical syndrome of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. The authors distinguish between obsessions and compulsions in the conventional manner and present rudimentary information about the clinical course of the disorder, its epidemiology and prognosis. An interesting aspect of this chapter, and indeed the book, is the inclusion of a first person account of a client's experience with the disorder. In the first chapter this serves to present clinically useful information in personal context and when again included in the chapters on behavioural treatment strategies and one year maintenance, helps clarify relevant individual aspects of the condition. The clinical symptomatology of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder shares many features with other DSM-III categories, thus chapter two deals with these issues and relationships in a succinct description of matters of differential diagnosis.

Peter H. Wilson

Papers

Publications and Papers

Clinical and Abnormal Psychology

In Memory of Robin Winkler: His Contribution to Behaviour Modification in Australia

Irrational Numbers in Vitruvius’s Fanum Basilica

Behavioral Relaxation Training and AssessmentRoger Poppen New York: Pergamon, 1988, 136 pp., hardcover $22.50, soft cover $12.95