The author considers the possibility of changing meaning in light of space and place. Many questions are raised, including a fundamental question: If we simply choose the meaning of space and place based on personal knowing, regardless of the space and place we are in, does space and place really matter with regard to the possibility of changing meaning? Many possibilities of changing meaning in light of space and place are explored, including the influence of personal knowing, new life experiences and understandings, changes to space and place, unique languaging in space and place, imaging space and place, and engaging in the wonder and mystery of space and place beyond this realm. The possibility of changing meaning is significant in that new meanings open doors to different choices—and living choices is living health.

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The Possibility of Changing Meaning in Light of Space and Place

Fluorescent sterol probes, comprising a fluorophore connected to a sterol backbone by means of a linker, are promising tools for enabling high-resolution imaging of intracellular cholesterol. In this study, we evaluated how the size of the linker, site of its attachment and nature of the fluorophore, affect the localization and trafficking properties of fluorescent sterol probes. Varying lengths of linker using the same fluorophore affected cell penetration and retention in specific cell compartments. A C-4 linker was confirmed as optimal. Derivatives of heterocyclic sterol precursors attached with identical C-4 linker to different fluorophores at diverse positions also showed significant differences in their binding properties to various intracellular compartments and kinetics of trafficking. Two novel red-emitting probes with good cell permeability, fast intracellular labelling and slightly different distribution displayed very promising characteristics for sterol probes. These probes also strongly labelled endo/lysosomal compartment in cells with pharmacologically disrupted cholesterol transport, or with a genetic mutation of cholesterol transporting protein NPC1, that overlapped with filipin staining of cholesterol. Overall, the present study demonstrates that the physicochemical properties of the fluorophore/linker pairing determine the kinetics of uptake and distribution and subsequently influence the applicability of final probes.

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Influence of fluorophore and linker length on the localization and trafficking of fluorescent sterol probes.

Cell-cell interactions in the central nervous system are based on the release of molecules mediating signal exchange and providing structural and trophic support through vesicular exocytosis and the formation of extracellular vesicles. The specific mechanisms employed by each cell type in the brain are incompletely understood. Here, we explored the means of communication used by Müller cells, a type of radial glial cells in the retina, which forms part of the central nervous system. Using immunohistochemical, electron microscopic, and molecular analyses, we provide evidence for the release of distinct extracellular vesicles from endfeet and microvilli of retinal Müller cells in adult mice in vivo. We identify VAMP5 as a Müller cell-specific SNARE component that is part of extracellular vesicles and responsive to ischemia, and we reveal differences between the secretomes of immunoaffinity-purified Müller cells and neurons in vitro. Our findings suggest extracellular vesicle-based communication as an important mediator of cellular interactions in the retina.

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Release of VAMP5‐positive extracellular vesicles by retinal Müller glia in vivo

Imaging is rapidly gaining usage across businesses and institutions because of its special technology which allows huge numbers of words, pictures and other illustrations to be reduced to a tiny fraction of the space needed to store originals The emergence of imaging is being seen in numerous and varied applications around the world Some of them chronicled in the article are: — Images on billions of pieces of paper are being transformed to image systems at the US National Archives There, documents are stored in less than 05% of the space required on paper — Businesses in the United States have an estimated 324 billion paper documents stored — 95% of business information is stored on paper Corporations are seeking ways to apply imaging systems to this problem The Association for Information and Image Management (AIIM) estimates that the market for imaging systems will be $68 billion by 1993 — Imaging technology is established to enable users to use a kind of electronic shorthand to reduce such illustrations as engineering drawings from 8 Mb to 300 kb — thus enhancing ability to transmit and share such drawings at remote sites — Banks have a massive need to use imaging systems to process checks, now a time‐consuming and expensive task Since all of this work is now done by humans, use of imaging eliminates the repetitive and boring aspect of the work — Electronic filing systems can retrieve file folders in a matter of seconds Ordinary file folders require manual handling and misfiling is a problem Insurance claims processing requires massive amounts of paperwork and storage With imaging systems, these claims can be electronically processed and available to remote users — Companies such as American Express, American Airlines and American Hospital Corporation all are using imaging systems to gain competitive advantage in dealing with their enormous loads of paperwork

Peter Haapaniemi

Papers

The power of imaging