語用論(Pragmatics)を考える

Note on Translation Introduction by Michael Holquist Response to a Question from the Novy Mir Editorial Staff The Bildungsroman and Its Significance in the History of Realism (Toward a Historical Typology of the Novel) The Problem of Speech Genres The Problem of the Text in Linguistics, Philology, and the Human Sciences: An Experiment in Philosophical Analysis From Notes Made in 1970-71 Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences Index

Speech Genres and Other Late Essays

We present a lexicon-based approach to extracting sentiment from text. The Semantic Orientation CALculator (SO-CAL) uses dictionaries of words annotated with their semantic orientation (polarity and strength), and incorporates intensification and negation. SO-CAL is applied to the polarity classification task, the process of assigning a positive or negative label to a text that captures the text's opinion towards its main subject matter. We show that SO-CAL's performance is consistent across domains and in completely unseen data. Additionally, we describe the process of dictionary creation, and our use of Mechanical Turk to check dictionaries for consistency and reliability.

Lexicon-based methods for sentiment analysis

List of Figures List of Tables Acknowledgements Preface Introduction Attitude: Ways of Feeling Engagement and Graduation: Alignment, Solidarity and the Construed Reader Evaluative Key: Taking a Stance Enacting Appraisal: Text Analysis References Index

http://prrwhite.info/Martin%20and%20White,%202005,%20CHPT%203%20(sample)%20The%20Language%20of%20Evaluation.pdf

The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English

Textual information in the world can be broadly categorized into two main types: facts and opinions. Facts are objective expressions about entities, events and their properties. Opinions are usually subjective expressions that describe people’s sentiments, appraisals or feelings toward entities, events and their properties. The concept of opinion is very broad. In this chapter, we only focus on opinion expressions that convey people’s positive or negative sentiments. Much of the existing research on textual information processing has been focused on mining and retrieval of factual information, e.g., information retrieval, Web search, text classification, text clustering and many other text mining and natural language processing tasks. Little work had been done on the processing of opinions until only recently. Yet, opinions are so important that whenever we need to make a decision we want to hear others’ opinions. This is not only true for individuals but also true for organizations. One of the main reasons for the lack of study on opinions is the fact that there was little opinionated text available before the World Wide Web. Before the Web, when an individual needed to make a decision, he/she typically asked for opinions from friends and families. When an organization wanted to find the opinions or sentiments of the general public about its products and services, it conducted opinion polls, surveys, and focus groups. However, with the Web, especially with the explosive growth of the usergenerated content on the Web in the past few years, the world has been transformed. The Web has dramatically changed the way that people express their views and opinions. They can now post reviews of products at merchant sites and express their views on almost anything in Internet forums, discussion groups, and blogs, which are collectively called the user-generated content. This online wordof-mouth behavior represents new and measurable sources of information with many practical applications. Now if one wants to buy a product, he/she is no longer limited to asking his/her friends and families because there are many product reviews on the Web which give opinions of existing users of the product. For a company, it may no longer be necessary to conduct surveys, organize focus groups or employ external consultants in order to find consumer opinions about its products and those of its competitors because the user-generated content on the Web can already give them such information.

/pdf/sentiment-analysis-and-subjectivity-3gvsz598s5.pdf

Sentiment Analysis and Subjectivity

The language of evaluation

This article offers a framework for analysing the linguistic resources of intersubjective positioning, meanings which have elsewhere been treated under such headings as modality, polarity, evidentiality, hedging, concession, intensification, attribution and consequentiality. Drawing inspiration from Bakhtin/Volosinov's dialogic perspective, it proposes that this lexico-grammatically diverse grouping can be brought together on discourse semantic grounds, namely that they all provide the means for speakers/writers to take a stance towards the various points-of-view or social positionings being referenced by the text and thereby to position themselves with respect to the other social subjects who hold those positions. The paper offers a typology of these resources, with categorizations attending to differences in the way the textual voice engages with the alternative voices and/or points-of-view being referenced or activated by the text. It argues, for example, that these resources can be broadly divided into those which entertain or open up the space for dialogic alternatives and, alternatively, those which suppress or close down the space for such alternation. The typology has emerged from continued research into the interpersonal functionality of discourse, research interested in how language construes social roles and relationships and in the potential of language to operate rhetorically to influence beliefs, attitudes, expectations and modes of interrelating. In order to demonstrate the application of the typology to the exploration of such questions, the paper singles out one issue for close attention - the linguistic mechanisms by which texts naturalise certain value positions and construct for themselves ideal, model or compliant readerships.

/pdf/beyond-modality-and-hedging-a-dialogic-view-of-the-language-1syhtz1ixs.pdf

Beyond modality and hedging: A dialogic view of the language of intersubjective stance

Introduction I take as my starting point for this paper the view that, contrary to any claims to ‘objectivity’ on the part of the media industry, news reporting is a mode of rhetoric in the broadest sense of the word – a value laden, ideologically determined discourse with a clear potential to influence the media audience’s assumptions and beliefs about the way the world is and the way it ought to be. This rhetorical and ultimately ideological potential has now been so widely demonstrated in the literature that it hardly needs to be argued for. (See, for example, Trew 1979, Hartley 1982, Fairclough 1988, Bird & Dardenne 1988, Herman & Chomsky 1988, Fisk 1989, Fowler 1991, Ericson & Baranek 1991, Parenti 1993, Eldridge 1993, Iedema, Feez &White 1994, Fairclough 1995, White 1997, White 2000).

Evaluative semantics and ideological positioning in journalistic discourse

This paper is concerned with comparisons of the language of hard news reporting across languages and cultures. Within English-language journalism, authorial “neutrality” and use of the “inverted pyramid” structure are frequently seen to be distinctive features of the modern hard news report and one of the grounds by which journalists assert the “objectivity” of their writing. This paper proposes a framework for investigating these notions linguistically and cross-linguistically, i.e. by reference to systematically observable features of the language and the text organisational structures used in the hard news reporting of different journalistic traditions. The paper reports that what might be termed authorial “neutrality” can be found operating in the hard news reporting of a range of different languages, but only when “neutrality” is understood to be a strategic constraining of a certain subset of attitudinal language. The paper reports that the “inverted pyramid” structure is also found cross-linguistic...

/pdf/objectivity-and-hard-news-reporting-across-cultures-1efvqzs0c5.pdf

Peter R. R. White

Papers

The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English

The language of evaluation

Beyond modality and hedging: A dialogic view of the language of intersubjective stance

Evaluative semantics and ideological positioning in journalistic discourse

“OBJECTIVITY” AND “HARD NEWS” REPORTING ACROSS CULTURES: Comparing the news report in English, French, Japanese and Indonesian journalism