http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5610941/5624686/05624745.pdf

Power electronics

Plug-in vehicles can behave either as loads or as a distributed energy and power resource in a concept known as vehicle-to-grid (V2G) connection. This paper reviews the current status and implementation impact of V2G/grid-to-vehicle (G2V) technologies on distributed systems, requirements, benefits, challenges, and strategies for V2G interfaces of both individual vehicles and fleets. The V2G concept can improve the performance of the electricity grid in areas such as efficiency, stability, and reliability. A V2G-capable vehicle offers reactive power support, active power regulation, tracking of variable renewable energy sources, load balancing, and current harmonic filtering. These technologies can enable ancillary services, such as voltage and frequency control and spinning reserve. Costs of V2G include battery degradation, the need for intensive communication between the vehicles and the grid, effects on grid distribution equipment, infrastructure changes, and social, political, cultural, and technical obstacles. Although V2G operation can reduce the lifetime of vehicle batteries, it is projected to become economical for vehicle owners and grid operators. Components and unidirectional/bidirectional power flow technologies of V2G systems, individual and aggregated structures, and charging/recharging frequency and strategies (uncoordinated/coordinated smart) are addressed. Three elements are required for successful V2G operation: power connection to the grid, control and communication between vehicles and the grid operator, and on-board/off-board intelligent metering. Success of the V2G concept depends on standardization of requirements and infrastructure decisions, battery technology, and efficient and smart scheduling of limited fast-charge infrastructure. A charging/discharging infrastructure must be deployed. Economic benefits of V2G technologies depend on vehicle aggregation and charging/recharging frequency and strategies. The benefits will receive increased attention from grid operators and vehicle owners in the future.

Review of the Impact of Vehicle-to-Grid Technologies on Distribution Systems and Utility Interfaces

Thank you for downloading power electronics converters applications and design. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have look numerous times for their favorite readings like this power electronics converters applications and design, but end up in harmful downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they cope with some malicious virus inside their desktop computer.

Power Electronics Converters Applications And Design

Uneconomical extension of the grid has led to generation of electric power at the end user facility and has been proved to be cost effective and to an extent efficient. With augmented significance on eco-friendly technologies the use of renewable energy sources such as micro-hydro, wind, solar, biomass and biogas is being explored. This paper presents an extensive review on various issues related to Integrated Renewable Energy System (IRES) based power generation. Issues related to integration configurations, storage options, sizing methodologies and system control for energy flow management are discussed in detail. For stand-alone applications integration of renewable energy sources, performed through DC coupled, AC coupled or hybrid DC–AC coupled configurations, are studied in detail. Based on the requirement of storage duration in isolated areas, storage technology options can be selected for integrated systems. Uncertainties involved in designing an effective IRES based power generation system for isolated areas is accounted due to highly dynamic nature of availability of sources and the demand at site. Different methodologies adopted and reported in literature for sizing of the system components are presented. Distributed control, centralized and hybrid control schemes for energy flow management in IRES have also been discussed.

A review on Integrated Renewable Energy System based power generation for stand-alone applications: Configurations, storage options, sizing methodologies and control

Battery energy storage systems have gained increasing interest for serving grid support in various application tasks. In particular, systems based on lithium-ion batteries have evolved rapidly with a wide range of cell technologies and system architectures available on the market. On the application side, different tasks for storage deployment demand distinct properties of the storage system. This review aims to serve as a guideline for best choice of battery technology, system design and operation for lithium-ion based storage systems to match a specific system application. Starting with an overview to lithium-ion battery technologies and their characteristics with respect to performance and aging, the storage system design is analyzed in detail based on an evaluation of real-world projects. Typical storage system applications are grouped and classified with respect to the challenges posed to the battery system. Publicly available modeling tools for technical and economic analysis are presented. A brief analysis of optimization approaches aims to point out challenges and potential solution techniques for system sizing, positioning and dispatch operation. For all areas reviewed herein, expected improvements and possible future developments are highlighted. In order to extract the full potential of stationary battery storage systems and to enable increased profitability of systems, future research should aim to a holistic system level approach combining not only performance tuning on a battery cell level and careful analysis of the application requirements, but also consider a proper selection of storage sub-components as well as an optimized system operation strategy.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/10/12/2107/pdf

Lithium-Ion Battery Storage for the Grid—A Review of Stationary Battery Storage System Design Tailored for Applications in Modern Power Grids

This paper investigates the potential of using battery energy storage systems in the public low-voltage distribution grid, to defer upgrades needed to increase the penetration of photovoltaics (PV). A multiobjective optimization method is proposed to visualize the trade-offs between three objective functions: voltage regulation, peak power reduction, and annual cost. The method is applied to a near-future scenario, based on a real residential feeder. The results provide insight into the dimensioning and the required specifications of the battery and the inverter. It is found that an inverter without batteries already achieves part of the objectives. Therefore, the added value of batteries to an inverter is discussed. Furthermore, a comparison between lithium-ion and lead-acid battery technologies is presented.

/pdf/multiobjective-battery-storage-to-improve-pv-integration-in-1fp8k4kbgs.pdf

Multiobjective Battery Storage to Improve PV Integration in Residential Distribution Grids

The LINEAR project (Local Intelligent Networks and Energy Active Regions) focuses on the introduction and implementation of innovative smart-grid technologies in the Flanders region, and aims at a breakthrough in the further development and deployment of these solutions. It consists of a research component and a large-scale residential pilot, both focusing on active demand-side management of domestic loads. This paper describes the unique approach, the main objectives and the current status of this project. Selected business cases and target applications are discussed in detail.

/pdf/linear-breakthrough-project-large-scale-implementation-of-2168byj81h.pdf

LINEAR breakthrough project: Large-scale implementation of smart grid technologies in distribution grids

This paper determines a simulation model to create realistic driving patterns for a fleet of vehicles (availability analysis) and a model to calculate the energy consumption (Wh/km) of electric vehicles (EVs). The first model creates a unique driving behavior for each vehicle in the fleet, based on Flemish data on travel behavior. The second model calculates the energy consumption of EVs based on representative driving cycles and vehicle characteristics based on data sheets from manufacturers. The main contribution of this paper is to show the decoupling of both models. The results of the energy consumption calculations can be used as an input for the availability analysis to calculate the energy demand and to determine the battery state of charge (SoC). As such, it is not necessary to have the drive cycles as an input for the availability analysis, which would drastically slow down these simulations because of a different time scale (second versus minute scale). Both models will be used to analyze the battery sizing for battery electric vehicles (BEVs). Since the specific energy consumption depends on several vehicle parameters. The sensitivity to these parameters on the energy requirements (from the availability analysis) will be discussed. Also the power requirements (from the energy consumption calculations) will be checked.

An Availability Analysis and Energy Consumption Model for a Flemish Fleet of Electric Vehicles

This paper gives a structured literature overview of coordinated charging of electric vehicles (EVs). The optimization objective, scale and method of each coordination strategy are the three parameters used to characterize and compare different approaches. The correlation between the three parameters and the research category are investigated, resulting in a correlation mapping of the different approaches.

Comparative analysis of coordination strategies for electric vehicles

Field mill instruments are often employed for the measurement of electric fields, electric charges, voltage potentials, and atmospheric effects. This paper discusses in more detail the application of a field mill for measuring dc voltages in high-voltage laboratories. Some specific problems, which arise when voltages in the kilovolt or megavolt range have to be measured, are emphasized. Safety, signal transmission, and electrode design are dealt with. Field meter theory is summarized and generalized in the function of this application. The design of a practical field-mill-based electrostatic voltmeter is described along with some useful enhancements. Finally, test results of the voltmeter are presented.

Peter Tant

Papers

Multiobjective Battery Storage to Improve PV Integration in Residential Distribution Grids

LINEAR breakthrough project: Large-scale implementation of smart grid technologies in distribution grids

An Availability Analysis and Energy Consumption Model for a Flemish Fleet of Electric Vehicles

Comparative analysis of coordination strategies for electric vehicles

Design and Application of a Field Mill as a High-Voltage DC Meter