The present study aimed to assess energy intake, nutrient profile and food sources in Spanish children participating in the EsNuPI ("Estudio Nutricional en Poblacion Infantil Espanola") study. Plausibility of energy intake and adequacy of nutrient intakes to international recommendations were analyzed in a final sample of 1448 subjects (728 boys and 720 girls) and one group representative of the 1 to <10 years old urban Spanish children (reference sample (n = 707)) who consumed milk and one of the same age who consumed adapted milk over the last year (adapted milk consumers sample (n = 741)) were compared. Both groups completed data of a face-to-face and a telephone 24-h dietary recalls. Both the reference and the adapted milk consumers samples reported an adequate daily energy intake (1503 kcal/day and 1404 kcal/day); and a high contribution to total energy from protein (16.5% and 15.6%) and fat (36.5% and 35.9%). Also, a high percentage of children from both samples were below the lower limit of the recommendations for carbohydrates (47.8% and 39.3%). As the percentage of plausible energy reporters was high for both groups (84.7% and 83.5%, respectively), data for the whole sample were analyzed. Milk and dairy, cereals, meat and derived products, fats and oils, bakery and pastry, fruits and vegetables contributed to about 80% of the total energy intake in both groups. However, the reference sample reported significantly more contribution to energy from cereals, meat and meat products, bakery and pastry and ready to cook/eat foods; meanwhile, the adapted milk consumers sample reported significantly more energy from milk and dairy products, fruits and eggs. Those results suggest that adapted milk consumers have better adherence to the food-based dietary guidelines. Further analyses are warranted to characterize food patterns and the quality of the diet in the EsNuPI study population.

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/4/893/pdf

Energy Intake, Macronutrient Profile and Food Sources of Spanish Children Aged One to <10 Years-Results from the EsNuPI Study.

The infant diet has short- and long-term health consequences. Updated data regarding the dietary intake of Finnish infants are lacking. The objectives of this study were to describe infant food and nutrient intake and to identify food sources of the nutrients. Altogether, 739 healthy infants were studied. Dietary intake and breastfeeding frequency were assessed with a three-day food record at 1 year of age. Dietary intake was calculated separately for non-breastfed and breastfed infants. One-third (36%) of the infants were partially breastfed and 95% consumed mass-produced baby foods. The infants’ diet consisted mainly of infant formula, dairy milk, porridges, fruit and berry foods, and meat dishes. The mean vegetable, fruit and berry consumption was 199 g/day. Most nutrient intakes were adequate except for fat, linoleic acid, vitamin D and iron from food. Mean sucrose intake, as a percentage of total energy intake (E%), was 5–6 E%. High protein intake (>20 E%) was observed in 19% of non-breastfed infants. Overall, the infants’ diet was favorable since vegetable and fruit consumption was reasonably high and nutrient intake was mostly adequate. However, the fat intake was lower, and protein intake higher than recommended. Increasing the consumption of vegetable oils and reducing the intake of red meat and dairy milk may further improve the diet of 1-year-olds.

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Food and Nutrient Intake and Nutrient Sources in 1-Year-Old Infants in Finland: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

Diet in the first years of life is an important factor in growth and development. Dietary protein is a critical macronutrient that provides both essential and nonessential amino acids re-quired for sustaining all body functions and procedures, providing the structural basis to maintain life and healthy development and growth in children. In this study, our aim was to describe the total protein intake, type and food sources of protein, the adequacy to the Population Reference Intake (PRI) for protein by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), and the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) by the Institute of Medicine (IoM). Furthermore, we analyzed whether the consumption of dairy products (including regular milk, dairy products, or adapted milk formu-las) is associated with nutrient adequacy and the contribution of protein to diet and whole dietary profile in the two cohorts of the EsNuPI (in English, Nutritional Study in the Spanish Pediatric Pop-ulation) study; one cohort was representative of the Spanish population from one to < 10 years old (n = 707) (Spanish reference cohort, SRS) who reported consuming all kinds of milk and one was a cohort of the same age who reported consuming adapted milk over the last year (including follow-on formula, growing up milk, toddler’s milk, and enriched and fortified milks) (n = 741) (adapted milk consumers cohort, AMS). The children of both cohorts had a high contribution from protein to total energy intake (16.79% SRS and 15.63% AMS) and a high total protein intake (60.89 g/day SRS and 53.43 g/day AMS). We observed that protein intake in Spanish children aged one to < 10 years old was above the European and international recommendations, as well as the recommended per-centages for energy intakes. The main protein sources were milk and dairy products (28% SRS and 29% AMS) and meat and meat products (27% SRS and 26% AMS), followed by cereals (16% SRS and 15% AMS), fish and shellfish (8% in both cohorts), eggs (5% SRS and 6% AMS), and legumes (4% in both cohorts). In our study population, protein intake was mainly from an animal origin (meat and meat products, milk and dairy products, fish and shellfish, and eggs) rather than from a plant origin (cereals and legumes). Future studies should investigate the long‐term effect of dietary protein in early childhood on growth and body composition, and whether high protein intake affects health later in life.

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/4/1062/pdf

Dietary Intake, Nutritional Adequacy, and Food Sources of Protein and Relationships with Personal and Family Factors in Spanish Children Aged One to <10 Years: Findings of the EsNuPI Study

Background The levels of nutrition that children receive in their first years of life greatly determine their psychosomatic development. Aim The study was to identify dietary patterns of children aged 1-3 years based on data on food consumption structure from 2 population studies performed in Poland (2011 and 2016) and to assess changes in product selection in the children's diets with respect to their nutritional status. Methods Both studies were performed on nationwide representative samples (2011: n = 400; 2016: n = 612) using questionnaire surveys. Nutritional status was estimated using body weight-to-height z-score. Feeding practices were evaluated based on 3-day dietary/food records, including 1 weekend day. Results Four dietary patterns of toddlers were identified and changes in the distribution of these patterns in the population after 5 years were analysed and compared. Diets of children in the second year of life were better balanced in terms of energy and nutritional value owing to young child formula content. Diets of children in the third year of life were higher in energy and protein, with a higher percentage of energy derived from saccharose. Diets of all groups of children were deficient in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin D and potassium but excessive in sodium. Conclusions Over 5 years, the percentage of children on a diet with high intake of formula for young children significantly decreased but increased on a diet with high dairy content. Dietary patterns of toddlers were associated with their weight by height z score and nutrient profile.

Dietary Patterns of Children Aged 1-3 Years in Poland in Two Population Studies.

Introduccion: La investigacion ha demostrado que la obesidad puede comenzar en la infancia. Ademas, el peso excesivo presente en 50% de los ninos en edad escolar es un factor predictivo de la obesidad en la vida adulta. Las consecuencias son preocupantes por la asociacion con varias comorbilidades, entre ellas, la hipertension arterial. Los estudios demuestran que los ninos obesos tienen un mayor riesgo de hipertension en comparacion con los no obesos. Objetivo: Identificar la prevalencia de la hipertension y su relacion con el sobrepeso y la obesidad en ninos y adolescentes de la red publica municipal de Vitoria, ES, Brazil. Se estudiaron 477 estudiantes, con edades comprendidas entre los 7 y 17 anos, 42,56% y 57,44%, hombres y mujeres, respectivamente, seleccionados mediante muestreo por conglomerado estratificado. Metodos: Fueron usados en el analisis del perfil antropometrico: porcentaje de grasa mediante la medicion de pliegues cutaneos y el indice de masa corporal (IMC). Ademas, se realizo la medicion de la presion arterial para la clasificacion de la hipertension arterial. Resultados: Los resultados muestran en los estudiantes de Vitoria, ES, con sobrepeso, valores de presion sanguinea elevados (borderline e hipertensos 1 y 2), en representacion de los hombres y mujeres 21,1% (PAS: 112 ± 10,4 mmHg y PAD: 65,6 ± 8,91 mmHg) y 19,2% (PAS: 108 ± 12,1 mmHg y la PAD: 65,6 ± 8,90 mm Hg), respectivamente. Sin embargo, en los estudiantes obesos, la prevalencia fue mayor, comprendiendo 26,3% (PAS: 113 ± 11,3 mmHg y PAD: 67,8 ± 10,1 mmHg) en el sexo masculino y 25% (PAS: 108 ± 14,4 mmHg y la PAD: 68,3 ± 10,2 mmHg) en el sexo femenino. Conclusion: Los resultados reportados en este estudio muestran altos indices de ninos y adolescentes afectados por tanto el sobrepeso como por la presion arterial alta. Estos resultados sugieren la aplicacion de medidas preventivas y de tratamiento de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en ninos y adolescentes en el municipio de Vitoria, ES.

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Hipertensión en estudiantes de la red pública de vitória/es: influencia del sobrepeso y la obesidad

During the first years of life, food preferences are shaped that might last throughout a person’s entire life affecting his/her health in the long term. However, knowledge on early feeding habits is still limited for toddlers. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to: (1) assess toddlers’ nutrient intake; (2) compare the findings to past studies as well as to national feeding recommendations and (3) identify major food sources for energy and macronutrients. A food survey using a 4-day diary was conducted. The dietary software nut.s® was used to analyse the data. A cohort of 188 healthy toddlers (aged 1–3 years) was analysed. The energy intake of most toddlers was below the recommended daily intake (RDI) but in accordance with earlier studies. Protein intake was three- to fourfold higher than the RDI and reached the proposed upper limit of 15% of total energy intake. Fat intake was in accordance with the RDI, but the balance of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids should be improved. Carbohydrate intake met the RDI. For the micronutrients, iron and vitamin D intakes showed critical values. As in other European countries, the diet of Swiss toddlers in general seems adequate but does not meet all nutritional requirements. In particular, the quality of the fats and vitamin D supplementation should be improved. For proteins and iron, additional research is needed to gain more confidence in the recommendations.

Petra Haueter

Papers

Nutrient intake of Swiss toddlers.