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Modern Applied Statistics With S

Statistical Analysis with Missing Data

Objectives. Obesity has become a global epidemic but our understanding of the problem in children is limited due to lack of comparable representative data from different countries, and varying criteria for defining obesity. This paper summarises the available information on recent trends in child overweight and obesity prevalence. Methods. PubMed was searched for data relating to trends over time, in papers published between January 1980 and October 2005. Additional studies identified by citations in retrieved papers and by consultation with experts were included. Data for trends over time were found for school-age populations in 25 countries and for pre-school populations in 42 countries. Using these reports, and data collected for the World Health Organization's Burden of Disease Program, we estimated the global prevalence of overweight and obesity among school-age children for 2006 and likely prevalence levels for 2010. Results. The prevalence of childhood overweight has increased in almost all countri...

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Worldwide trends in childhood overweight and obesity

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Logistic Regression A Self Learning Text

To understand tracking of overweight status from childhood to young adulthood in a biracial sample. A longitudinal sample was created from cross-sectional surveys at two time points, childhood (baseline) and young adulthood (follow-up). Bogalusa Heart Study, Louisiana, United States of America. A total of 841 young adults, 19–35 years (68% Euro-Americans (EA), 32% African-Americans (AA)) were studied. The same subjects had also participated in one of the five cross-sectional surveys at childhood (9–11 years). Body mass index (BMI) was used to determine overweight status as per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention standards. Change in the BMI status from childhood to young adulthood was used to group the participants into the following categories: normal weight to normal weight (NW-NW); normal weight to overweight (NW-OW); overweight to normal weight (OW-NW); and overweight to overweight (OW-OW). Tracking of overweight was defined by (1) correlations between baseline and follow-up BMI, (2) Cohen's kappa concordance test to determine the strength of tracking in BMI quartiles and (3) the percentage of individuals who remained in the same overweight status group from baseline to follow-up. From baseline to follow-up, the percentage of participants who were overweight increased from 24.7 to 57.7%. A total of 35.2% of the children shifted from normal weight in childhood to overweight in young adulthood (P<0.0005). Baseline BMI was positively correlated with follow-up BMI (r=0.66, P<0.0005). A total of 61.9% of the participants in the highest BMI quartile in childhood remained in the highest BMI quartile in young adulthood. The strength of tracking in BMI quartiles was 27% for EA men (P<0.0005), 23% for EA women (P<0.0005), 27% for AA men (P<0.0005) and 35% for AA women (P<0.0005). A total of 53.7% of the EA women remained in the NW-NW category and 31.2% of the AA women remained in the OW-OW category. The percentage tracking (NW-NW and OW-OW) was 72.8% in EA women, 59.6% in AA men, 59.5% in AA women and 48.8% in EA men (P<0.0001). Childhood overweight tracked into young adulthood in this sample and the tracking of NW-NW and OW-OW was the most prominent among the EA women.

Tracking of overweight status from childhood to young adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study

OBJECTIVE: To study the determinants of overweight tracking from childhood to adolescence of Hat Yai schoolchildren. DESIGN: A longitudinal study. SETTING: Primary and secondary schools of Hat Yai municipality, southern Thailand. SUBJECTS: 2252 schoolchildren recruited in 1992 and follow-up for 5 y. MEASUREMENTS: Child's annual body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) from 1992 to 1997; parental BMIs, parental income, and family history of diseases by a questionnaire completed by parents in 1992. RESULTS: Prevalence of overweight of males using the 85th percentile of the U S First National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey reference for age and sex as a cut-off point increased from 12.4% in 1992 to 21% in 1997, whereas that of females went down from 15.2 to 12.6. At the end of the fifth year, 11.8% of children remained overweight while 4.5% became overweight. Comparing to the non-overweights, the risk for becoming an overweight adolescent of an overweight boy was 8.2 (95% confidence interval (CI)=6, 11.2) whereas that of the overweight girls was 20 (95% CI=12.4, 32.3). The generalized estimating equations model predicted an increase in child BMI associated with having a father or a mother with high BMI, a family history of obesity, a monthly income greater than 5000 baht, and a lower level of exercise than their peers. Secular increase in BMI was also observed. CONCLUSION: Predictors of overweight tracking found in this study would be useful to select children at risk for preventive intervention.

Determinants of overweight tracking from childhood to adolescence: a 5 y follow-up study of Hat Yai schoolchildren

This study investigated length of stay (LOS) for patients who died in hospital in Southern Thailand from 2000 to 2003 with respect to principal diagnosis and demographic, geographic and hospital size factors. The computerized data of 40,498 mortality cases were obtained from the Ministry of Public Health from 167 hospitals in 14 provinces of Southern Thailand between October 2000 and September 2003 with information on age, gender, principal diagnosis, province and hospital size. Logistic and linear regression with log-transformed LOS was used to analyze the data. Patients with injuries as principal diagnosis had shortest LOS, whereas cancer patients had the longest LOS. Older patients, particularly females, had higher LOS for all diagnoses. LOS increased with hospital size except in the North and North West. Small hospitals in the South West region had the lowest LOS whereas large hospitals in the North West had the highest. The highest proportion of bed days (11.2%) occurred in males aged less than 60 diagnosed with infectious diseases. Males aged less than 60 diagnosed with injuries and digestive diseases, and aged at least 60 diagnosed with COPD, and aged less than 60 diagnosed with infectious diseases, accounted for more than double those for female patients in the same disease groups. Both logistic regressions with LOS at least 1 week as the outcome and linear regression on appropriately log transformed LOS gave consistent results. Providing suitable palliative care or allowing patients to select the place for spending their final time of life, especially for patients with chronic diseases, which can reduce hospital resource utilization.

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Methods for Analyzing Hospital Length of Stay with Application to Inpatients Dying in Southern Thailand

Modelling of land-use change over time gives useful information relating to land development. Logistic regression is arguably one of the most used in the land-use study when a binary outcome variable. Multinomial logistic regression used when multinomial outcome variable. This study aims to model of land-use change using logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression. These methods were applied to data from a survey on the land-use of Krabi Province, Thailand, in 2000, 2009 and 2018. The data is based on an analogue-to-digital conversion which replaces polygonal shapes by coded grid points. The land-use observations were categorized into four, namely developed, rubber plantation, agricultural and undeveloped lands. Our findings show that developed and agricultural lands increased by two periods of study 2000–2009 and 2009–2018. Whereas rubber plantation was decreased on two periods observes. The logistic regression models for developed land, agricultural land and rubber plantation were used for modelling land-use change, consequently as the multinomial logistic regression model with the undeveloped land being the reference category. The results showed that the modelling of land-use in 2009 and 2018 with logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression does not differ by the area under the curves (AUC) and prediction accuracy. Therefore, logistic regression can be used for the modelling of the land-use change using land-use in the previous year as predictors instead of the multinomial logistic regression, since it is not a complicated formula for adjusting spatial correlations using the variance inflation factors (VIF) and displaying the modelling result on 95% confidence intervals (CI) based weighted sum contrasts.

Modelling of land-use change in Thailand using binary logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression

Based on Apgar scores at 1 minute, we investigated determinants for birth asphyxia (score 7 or less) and newborn mortality (score 0) based on labour charts for 2,894 infants born at Pattani Hospital in southern Thailand during 2001. The birth asphyxia morbidity rate (score 1-7) was 5.0%, the mortality rate (score 0) was 2.2%, and the incidence rate of birth asphyxia was 73.5 per 1,000 live births. We used ordinal logistic regression to construct a predictive model for the risks of birth asphyxia mortality and morbidity, and found seven risk factors related to the mother's pregnancy (maternal age, cultural background, number of prenatal care visits, place of prenatal care, HIV condition, medical/obstetric complications, and birth weight), and two further risk factors related to the delivery (type of induction of labour and type of delivery).

http://smj.medicine.psu.ac.th/index.php/smj/article/download/849/854

Factors associated with birth asphyxia in Pattani Hospital, Thailand

We investigated demographic determinants for cesarean delivery based on a database of 25,829 singleton births at Pattani Hospital from October 1, 1996 to September 30, 2005. This database includes demographic information about the mother and delivery type outcomes. Using logistic regression analysis to adjust each factor for possible confounding effects of other factors, we found that Islamic women were less likely to give birth by cesarean section and older mothers were more likely to give birth by cesarean section. There was also an association between higher education and cesarian section.

Phattrawan Tongkumchum

Papers

Determinants of overweight tracking from childhood to adolescence: a 5 y follow-up study of Hat Yai schoolchildren

Methods for Analyzing Hospital Length of Stay with Application to Inpatients Dying in Southern Thailand

Modelling of land-use change in Thailand using binary logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression

Factors associated with birth asphyxia in Pattani Hospital, Thailand

Demographic determinants for cesarean delivery in pattani hospital