https://web.iitd.ac.in/~arunku/files/CEL311_Y13/Adsorption%20Theory%20to%20practice_Dabrowski.pdf

Adsorption — from theory to practice

Fuel Cells are electrochemical devices that convert the chemical energy of a gaseous fuel directly into electricity. They are widely regarded as a potential future stationary and mobile power source. The response of a fuel cell system depends on the air and hydrogen feed, flow and pressure regulation, and heat and water management. In this paper, we develop a dynamic model suitable for the control study of fuel cell systems. The transient phenomena captured in the model include the flow and inertia dynamics of the compressor, the manifold filling dynamics (both anode and cathode), reactant partial pressures, and membrane humidity. It is important to note, however, that the fuel cell stack temperature is treated as a parameter rather than a state variable of this model because of its long time constant. Limitations and several possible applications of this model are presented.

/pdf/control-oriented-modeling-and-analysis-for-automotive-fuel-4h9bv9dad2.pdf

Control-Oriented Modeling and Analysis for Automotive Fuel Cell Systems

http://pure-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/20443909/Adiabatic_Compressed_Air_Energy_Storage_with_packed_bed_thermal_energy_storage.pdf

Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage with Packed Bed Thermal Energy Storage

https://folk.ntnu.no/bjarnean/pubs/journals/journal-43.pdf

Modeling and control of a SOFC-GT-based autonomous power system

Fuel cell stack systems are under intensive development by several manufacturers since they complement heat engines and reduce the ubiquitous dependence on fossil fuels and thus have significant environmental and national security implications. To compete with ICE engines, however, fuel cell system must operate and function at least as well as conventional engines. Transient behavior is on of the key requirements for the success of fuel cell vehicles. The fuel cell system power response depends on the air and hydrogen feed, flow and pressure regulation, and heat and water management. During transient, the fuel cell stack control system is required to maintain optimal temperature, membrane hydration, and partial pressure of the reactants across the membrane in order to avoid degradation of the stack voltage, and thus, efficiency reduction. In this paper, we developed a fuel cell system dynamic model suitable for control study. The transient phenomena captured in the model include the flow characteristics and inertia dynamics of the compressor, the manifold filling dynamics (both anode and cathode), and consequently, the time-evolving reactant partial pressures, and membrane humidity. The effects of varying oxygen concentration and membrane humidity on the fuel cell voltage were included. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the model capability.Copyright © 2002 by ASME

/pdf/simulation-and-analysis-of-transient-fuel-cell-system-4mibdkyo8z.pdf

Simulation and analysis of transient fuel cell system performance based on a dynamic reactant flow model

Introduction Fundamental Concepts of Dynamic Simulation Thermodynamics and the conservation equations Steady state incompressible flow Flow through ideal nozzles Control valve flow Steady-state compressible flow Control valve liquid flow Liquid flow through the installed control valve Gas flow through the installed control valve Accumulation of liquids and gases in process vessels Two-phase systems - boiling, condensation and distillation Chemical reactions Turbine nozzles Steam and gas turbines Steam and gas turbines - simplified model Turbo pumps and compressors Flow networks Pipeline dynamics Distributed components: heat exchangers and tubular reactors Nuclear reactors Process controllers and control valve dynamics Linearization Model Validation Appendices: Comparative size of energy terms Explicit calculation of compressible flow using approximating functions Equations for control valve flow in SI units Comparison of Fisher Universal Gas Sizing Equation, FUGSE, with the nozzle-based model for control valve gas flow Measurement of the internal energy of reaction and the enthalpy of reaction using calorimeters Approximations used in modelling turbine reaction stages in off-design conditions Fuel pin average temperature and effective heat transfer coefficient Conditions for emergence from saturation for P + I controllers with integral desaturation

Philip Thomas

Papers

Simulation of Industrial Processes for Control Engineers