Artificial neural networks (ANNs) constitute a class of flexible nonlinear models designed to mimic biological neural systems. In this entry, we introduce ANN using familiar econometric terminology and provide an overview of ANN modeling approach and its implementation methods. † Correspondence: Chung-Ming Kuan, Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Taipei 115, Taiwan; ckuan@econ.sinica.edu.tw. †† I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the editor, Professor Steven Durlauf, for his patience and constructive comments on early drafts of this entry. I also thank Shih-Hsun Hsu and Yu-Lieh Huang for very helpful suggestions. The remaining errors are all mine.

Artificial neural networks

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/403409.pdf

A review of numerical analysis of friction stir welding

Friction stir welding/processing of metals and alloys: A comprehensive review on microstructural evolution

Stereolithography is a solid freeform technique (SFF) that was introduced in the late 1980s Although many other techniques have been developed since then, stereolithography remains one of the most powerful and versatile of all SFF techniques It has the highest fabrication accuracy and an increasing number of materials that can be processed is becoming available In this paper we discuss the characteristic features of the stereolithography technique and compare it to other SFF techniques The biomedical applications of stereolithography are reviewed, as well as the biodegradable resin materials that have been developed for use with stereolithography Finally, an overview of the application of stereolithography in preparing porous structures for tissue engineering is given

A review on stereolithography and its applications in biomedical engineering

Friction stir welding (FSW), a highly efficient solid-state joining technique, has been termed as “green” technology due to its energy efficiency and environment friendliness. It is an enabling technology for joining metallic materials, in particular lightweight high-strength aluminum and magnesium alloys which were classified as unweldable by traditional fusion welding. It is thus considered to be the most significant development in the area of material joining over the past two decades. Friction stir processing (FSP) was later developed based on the basic principles of FSW. FSP has been proven to be an effective and versatile metal-working technique for modifying and fabricating metallic materials. FSW/FSP of aluminum alloys has prompted considerable scientific and technological interest since it has a potential for revolutionizing the manufacturing process in the aerospace, defense, marine, automotive, and railway industries. To promote widespread applications of FSW/FSP technology and ensure t...

Recent Advances in Friction Stir Welding/Processing of Aluminum Alloys: Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties

Components and structures working in the marine environment are exposed to high stresses attributable to the action of wind, waves, and tides. Moreover, they have to face hostile and severe environmental conditions during their lifetime, being placed in the splash zone if not even submerged in saltwater. The application of polymer composites in marine systems has been the focus of intensive studies in the last decades, highlighting potential benefits given by the replacement of several components, such as ship hulls, propeller blades, wind, and tidal turbine blades, to cite but a few. The present paper reports the latest advances in this area, addressing the applications of advanced composites in ships and ship components, offshore oil and gas composites, marine renewable energy and underwater repairing.

Marine Application of Fiber Reinforced Composites: A Review

Currently, the application of pultruded profiles is increasing owing to their advantages, such as light weight, high strength, improved durability, corrosion resistance, ease of transportation, spe...

Pultruded materials and structures: A review:

Sound AA2024-T3–Cu10100 dissimilar joints were obtained by friction stir welding offsetting the tool probe towards the aluminum sheet and employing selected processing parameters. Joint microstructure was analyzed by means of conventional optic microscopy as well as scanning electron microscopy. The weld bead exhibited welding zones and some features typically encountered in similar FSW. The nugget zone consisted of a mixture of recrystallized aluminum matrix and deformed and twinned copper particles. Onion rings and particle-rich zones, made of Cu particles dispersed in the Al matrix, were also observed. EDS analysis revealed that several Al–Cu intermetallic compounds, such as Al2Cu, AlCu, and Al3Cu4, chemically different w.r.t. compounds precipitated during the T3 aging treatment (Al3Cu), were formed during the process. Microstructure variation significantly affects the microhardness distribution in the cross-section of the joint.

Microstructural aspects in Al–Cu dissimilar joining by FSW

Conventional and cooling assisted friction stir welded Al–Mg joints were investigated by visual inspection, optical macro plus microscopy, scanning electron micrographs, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffractions, tensile testing and micro hardness indentation. The nugget zone is characterized by onion rings composed of different phases such as Mg in an Al matrix, Al in an Mg matrix as well as intermetallic compounds, Al3Mg2 and Al12Mg17. A diffusion layer was detected on the Al side of the joint between the nugget and thermo-mechanically affected zones identifying a solid solution of Mg in Al. No diffusion layer was observed on the Mg side. The tensile strength of the dissimilar joints is enhanced by cooling assisted welding process due to the reduction in the amount of intermetallic compounds inside the weld bead. Congruently, higher hardness peaks are reported in the nugget zone of conventional FSW joint with respect to the CFSW joint.

Conventional and cooling assisted friction stir welding of AA6061 and AZ31B alloys

Material stirring and heat generation in friction stir welding processes induce significant microstructure and material properties alterations. Previous studies highlighted the relationship among microstructure, grain size, microhardness, and performance of the joint. In this context, an opportune definition of process parameters, in particular rotating and welding speed, is crucial to improve joint reliability. In this article, results provided by a numerical and experimental investigation on the influence of rotating and welding speed on microstructure, mechanical properties, and joint quality in AA2024-T3 friction stir welded butt joints are reported. Experimental data are presented and discussed considering numerically computed temperature and strain rate distributions, providing useful information for parameters setting. Processing window, i.e., parameters resulting in a successful material deposition, is also individuated.

/pdf/influence-of-process-parameters-on-microstructure-and-3jdu02myja.pdf

Pierpaolo Carlone

Papers

Marine Application of Fiber Reinforced Composites: A Review

Pultruded materials and structures: A review:

Microstructural aspects in Al–Cu dissimilar joining by FSW

Conventional and cooling assisted friction stir welding of AA6061 and AZ31B alloys

Influence of Process Parameters on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in AA2024-T3 Friction Stir Welding