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Properties Of Concrete

Annual Energy Outlook

Due to their good performance and environmental friendliness, fly ash-based construction materials have great potential as alternatives to ordinary Portland cement. To realize sustainable development and beneficial use of fly ash in the construction industry, this paper presents a comprehensive review of relevant literature to evaluate the properties and performance of fly ash, with a particular focus on recent advances in characterization, compositional understanding, hydration mechanism, activation approaches, durability and sustainability of fly ash as a construction material. Several key aspects governing the performance of fly ash, including chemical composition, activator type and hydrates evolution in concrete, are highlighted. Finally, the important needs, pertinent to the optimal and broad utilization of fly ash as an integral part of sustainable construction materials, are identified for further research and development, where large-scale application studies, further classification of fly ash, advanced characterization tools and technology transfer to biomass fly ash are recommended.

Characteristics and applications of fly ash as a sustainable construction material: A state-of-the-art review

Soil stabilization is a technique to improve the engineering and geotechnical properties of soils such as mechanical strength, permeability, compressibility, durability and plasticity. Much has been learned about soil stabilization techniques and additives over the past century. The state of the practice in stabilization techniques and challenges is presented with a discussion. Moreover, available studies regarding the effects of various types of stabilizing agents on the engineering and geotechnical properties of stabilized soils are reviewed here. These stabilizing agents include both calcium-based and non-calcium-based additives. Eco-friendly additives as alternative materials to conventional stabilizing agents are also discussed in this paper. In addition, the problems associated with the presence of disruptive salts and sulfate as well as the techniques to overcome these problems in soil stabilization projects are reviewed.

Soil and clay stabilization with calcium- and non-calcium-based additives: A state-of-the-art review of challenges, approaches and techniques

Use of calcium sulfoaluminate cements for setting control of 3D-printing mortars

Calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement-based binders are low CO 2 binders which exhibit rapid hardening or shrinkage compensating characteristics. Due to their unique properties, they have potential to be used in concrete elements exposed to acidic environment such as sewage system . In this paper, the performance of CSA-based binders in acidic environment is examined and compared against Portland cement (PC). Attack of sulfuric acid and citric acid on PC and CSA-based binders was evaluated with respect to mass loss, dimensional change, cumulative H + ion neutralisation, strength loss, and changes in mineralogical and microstructural characteristics . CSA-based binder exhibited higher resistance than PC-dominated binder in citric acid attack (pH ∼ 2–3), whereas PC-dominated binder outperformed CSA-based binder in case of sulfuric acid attack (pH ∼ 1.5–2). The mechanism of acid attack was found to be dependent on acid type. A calcium citrate salt was identified as the major product in case of citric acid attack of PC-dominated binders. 

Sulfuric acid and citric acid attack of calcium sulfoaluminate-based binders

Calcium sulfoaluminate belite (CSAB) cements are currently being promoted as alternative low CO 2 cements. CSAB cements have ye'elimite as their primary phase . Ye'elimite hydrates rapidly to form ettringite which contributes towards high early-age strength. The hydration characteristics of ye'elimite are influenced by the presence of calcium sulfate and calcium hydroxide, which can also extend to the mechanical properties. Further, this change in phase composition can modify a non-expansive binder into an expansive binder. In this study, the influence of phase composition on hydration characteristics, expansion, pore structure , and mechanical properties was investigated using CSAB binders with varying gypsum and calcium hydroxide levels. The expansion was directly affected by the amount of calcium sulfate and calcium hydroxide. The differentiating factor between expansive and non-expansive systems was the critical pore size of CSAB binders. Expansive CSAB binders exhibited lower critical pore size than non-expansive binders, highlighting the role of supersaturation . The addition of calcium hydroxide accelerated the kinetics of ye'elimite hydration and increased the expansion. Moreover, the change from a non-expansive to expansive system did not lead to the deterioration of the CSAB binder matrix. 

Influence of calcium hydroxide and calcium sulfate on early-age properties of non-expansive calcium sulfoaluminate belite cement

Fresh and hardened properties of a suite of cementitious binders with cement kiln dust (CKD) as the main binding component (70% by weight) are evaluated in this study. Two CKDs with different chemical and physical properties were used in formulating CKD-fly ash (FA) and CKD-slag mixtures without portland cement. The setting time, workability, and strength development of these pastes were evaluated first and the best-performing binders were then used as a component in making concrete. The strength and durability of such concrete is also evaluated. The CKD (I)-slag combination outperformed all other mixtures with respect to the strength and durability performance under various curing conditions. The elevated temperature curing was found to be essential for the property development of the CKD-FA binder. The performance of CKD containing mortar mixtures with respect to the delayed ettringite formation (DEF) and the alkali-silica reaction (ASR) was also good. The CKD that exhibited better performance contained 5% free lime, 3% Na2Oeq alkali, and 10.6% SO3 with an average particle size of 4 mm (0.00016 in.).

Piyush Chaunsali

Papers

Sulfuric acid and citric acid attack of calcium sulfoaluminate-based binders

Influence of calcium hydroxide and calcium sulfate on early-age properties of non-expansive calcium sulfoaluminate belite cement

Novel Cementitious Binder Incorporating Cement Kiln Dust: Strength and Durability

Early-age hydration and volume change of calcium sulfoaluminate cement-based binders

Effects of Presoaked Lightweight Aggregate on Deformation Properties of Ordinary Portland Cement- Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement Blends