Soil Chemical Analysis

The talk with present the key results of the IPCC Working Group III 5th assessment report. Concluding four years of intense scientific collaboration by hundreds of authors from around the world, the report responds to the request of the world's governments for a comprehensive, objective and policy neutral assessment of the current scientific knowledge on mitigating climate change. The report has been extensively reviewed by experts and governments to ensure quality and comprehensiveness.

Climate change 2014 - Mitigation of climate change

Climate change 2014 - Synthesis Report

B6nassy, C., 1955. R6marques sur deux Aphelinid6s: Aphelinus mytilaspidis Le Baron et Aphytis proclia Walker. Annls l~piphyt. 6: 11-17. Lord, F. T. & MacPhee, A. W., 1953. The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia II. Oyster shell scale. Can. Ent. 79: 196-209. Pickett, A. D., 1946. A progress report on long term spray programs. Rep. Nova Scotia Fruit Grow. Ass. 83 : 27-31. Pickett, A. D., 1967. The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia XIV. Can. Ent. 97: 816-821. Tothill, J. D., 1918. The predacious mite Hemisarcoptes malus Shimer and its relation to the natural control of the oyster shell scale Lepidosaphes ulmi L. Agric. Gaz. Can. 5 : 234-239.

http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF01976688.pdf

Soil enzymes: Kuprevich, V. F. & Shcherbakova, T. A.: Translated from the Russian edition (1966), published by the Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre, New Delhi 1971. 392 pp., offset printing from type script, paper cover. Obtainable from U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va. 22151

Sustainability of using composting and vermicomposting technologies for organic solid waste biotransformation: recent overview, greenhouse gases emissions and economic analysis

Changes in organic - C, N, P and K and enzyme activities in vermicompost of biodegradable organic wastes under liming and microbial inoculants.

Changes in fungal population of fly ash and vinasse mixture during vermicomposting by Eudrilus eugeniae and Eisenia fetida: Documentation of cellulase isozymes in vermicompost

Livestock manures are broadly used in agriculture to improve soil quality. However, manure application can increase the availability of organic carbon, thereby facilitating methane (CH4) production. Cattle and swine manures are expected to have different CH4 emission characteristics in rice paddy soil due to the inherent differences in composition as a result of contrasting diets and digestive physiology between the two livestock types. To compare the effect of ruminant and non-ruminant animal manure applications on CH4 emissions and methanogenic archaeal diversity during rice cultivation (June to September, 2009), fresh cattle and swine manures were applied into experimental pots at 0, 20 and 40 Mg fresh weight (FW) ha−1 in a greenhouse. Applications of manures significantly enhanced total CH4 emissions as compared to chemical fertilization, with cattle manure leading to higher emissions than swine manure. Total organic C contents in cattle (466 g kg−1) and swine (460 g kg−1) manures were of comparable results. Soil organic C (SOC) contents were also similar between the two manure treatments, but dissolved organic C (DOC) was significantly higher in cattle than swine manure. The mcrA gene copy numbers were significantly higher in cattle than swine manure. Diverse groups of methanogens which belong to Methanomicrobiaceae were detected only in cattle-manured but not in swine-manured soil. Methanogens were transferred from cattle manure to rice paddy soils through fresh excrement. In conclusion, cattle manure application can significantly increase CH4 emissions in rice paddy soil during cultivation, and its pretreatment to suppress methanogenic activity without decreasing rice productivity should be considered.

/pdf/cattle-manure-enhances-methanogens-diversity-and-methane-1qwworc3i8.pdf

Cattle Manure Enhances Methanogens Diversity and Methane Emissions Compared to Swine Manure under Rice Paddy.

The combined seeding and cropping of non-leguminous and leguminous cover crops during the cold fallow season is recommended as an important agronomic practice to improve total biomass productivity and soil fertility in mono-rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation system. However, application of plant residues as green manure can increase methane (CH4) emission during rice cultivation and affect rice quality and productivity, but its effects are not well examined. In this field study, the mixture of barley (Hordeum vulgare R.) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa R., hereafter, vetch) seeds with 75 % recommended dose (RD 140 kg ha−1) and 25 % RD (90 kg ha−1), respectively, were seeded after rice harvesting in late November, 2010, and harvested before rice transplanting in early June 2011. Total aboveground biomass was 36 Mg ha−1 (fresh weight basis with 68 % moisture content), which was composed with 12 Mg ha−1 of barley and 24 Mg ha−1 of vetch. In order to determine the optimum recycling ratio of biomass application that can minimize CH4 emission without affecting rice productivity, different recycling ratios of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 % of the total harvested biomass were incorporated as green manure 1 week before rice transplanting in a typical temperate paddy soil. The same rates of chemical fertilizers (N–P2O5–K2O = 90–45–58 kg ha−1) were applied in all treatments. Daily mean CH4 emission rates and total CH4 fluxes were significantly (p < 0.05) increased with increasing application rates of cover crop biomass. Rice productivity also significantly (p < 0.05) increased with biomass application, but the highest grain yield (53 % increase over the control) was observed for 25 % recycling. However, grain quality significantly (p < 0.05) decreased with increasing cover crop application rates above 25 % recycling ratio, mainly due to extended vegetative growth periods of rice plants. Total CH4 flux per unit grain yield, an indicator used to simultaneously compare CH4 emission impact with rice production, was not statistically different between 25 % biomass recycling ratio and the control but significantly increased with increasing application rates. Conclusively, the biomass recycling ratio at 25 % of combined barley and vetch cover crops as green manure might be suitable to sustain rice productivity without increasing CH4 emission impact in mono-rice cultivation system.

Prabhat Pramanik

Papers

Changes in organic - C, N, P and K and enzyme activities in vermicompost of biodegradable organic wastes under liming and microbial inoculants.

Changes in fungal population of fly ash and vinasse mixture during vermicomposting by Eudrilus eugeniae and Eisenia fetida: Documentation of cellulase isozymes in vermicompost

Cattle Manure Enhances Methanogens Diversity and Methane Emissions Compared to Swine Manure under Rice Paddy.

Optimum application level of winter cover crop biomass as green manure under considering methane emission and rice productivity in paddy soil

Quantifying the relative role of phytase and phosphatase enzymes in phosphorus mineralization during vermicomposting of fibrous tea factory waste