In this article we discuss the state of the art of (mobile) multihop ad hoc networking. This paradigm has often been identified with the solutions developed inside the IETF MANET working group, and for this reason it is called the MANET paradigm. However, they do not coincide, and in the last decade they clearly diverged. In this article, we start from the reasons why the MANET paradigm did not have a major impact on computer communications, and we discuss the evolution of the multihop ad hoc networking paradigm by building on the lessons learned from the MANET research. Specifically, we analyze four successful networking paradigms, mesh, sensor, opportunistic, and vehicular networks, that emerged from the MANET world as a more pragmatic application of the multihop ad hoc networking paradigm. We also present the new research directions in the multihop ad hoc networking field: peoplecentric networking, triggered by the increasing penetration of the smartphones in everyday life, which is generating a people-centric revolution in computing and communications.

Mobile ad hoc networking: milestones, challenges, and new research directions

A survey on bio-inspired networking

This paper presents a novel "cache-and-forward" (CNF) protocol architecture for mobile content delivery services in the future Internet. The CNF architecture can be implemented as an overlay on top of the Internet Protocol (IP), or as a clean slate protocol for next-generation networks. CNF is based on the concept of store-and-forward routers with large storage, providing for opportunistic delivery to occasionally disconnected mobile users and for in-network caching of content. The proposed CNF protocol uses reliable hop-by-hop transfer of large data files between CNF routers in place of an end-to-end transport protocol like TCP. This approach makes it possible to serve mobile users with intermittent connectivity, while also mitigating self- interference problems which arise in multi-hop wireless scenarios. Hop-by-hop transport is similarly useful in wired networks where router storage can help to smooth out link congestion bottlenecks which arise in TCP/IP networks. A second key feature of the CNF protocol is the integration of address- based and content-based routing to support various content delivery modes that take advantage of in-network storage. An overview of the CNF architecture and major protocol components is given, and preliminary performance evaluation results are summarized to validate the main design principles.

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The cache-and-forward network architecture for efficient mobile content delivery services in the future internet

The link quality variation of wireless channels has been a challenging issue in data communications until recent explicit exploration in utilizing this characteristic. The same broadcast transmission may be perceived significantly differently, and usually independently, by receivers at different geographic locations. Furthermore, even the same stationary receiver may experience drastic link quality fluctuation over time. The combination of link-quality variation with the broadcasting nature of wireless channels has revealed a direction in the research of wireless networking, namely, cooperative communication. Research on cooperative communication started to attract interests in the community at the physical layer but more recently its importance and usability have also been realized at upper layers of the network protocol stack. In this article, we tackle the problem of opportunistic data transfer in mobile ad hoc networks. Our solution is called Cooperative Opportunistic Routing in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (CORMAN). It is a pure network layer scheme that can be built atop off-the-shelf wireless networking equipment. Nodes in the network use a lightweight proactive source routing protocol to determine a list of intermediate nodes that the data packets should follow en route to the destination. Here, when a data packet is broadcast by an upstream node and has happened to be received by a downstream node further along the route, it continues its way from there and thus will arrive at the destination node sooner. This is achieved through cooperative data communication at the link and network layers. This work is a powerful extension to the pioneering work of ExOR. We test CORMAN and compare it to AODV, and observe significant performance improvement in varying mobile settings.

http://www.kresttechnology.com/krest-academic-projects/krest-mtech-projects/IT/mtech-cse-java-abstract-bpapers/NS2/2)%20CORMAN%20A%20Novel%20Cooperative%20Opportunistic%20Routing%20Scheme%20in%20Mobile%20Ad%20Hoc%20Networks.bak/2)CORM~1.PDF

CORMAN: A Novel Cooperative Opportunistic Routing Scheme in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks (WSANs) are characterized by the collective effort of heterogenous nodes called sensors and actors. Sensor nodes collect information about the physical world, while actor nodes take action decisions and perform appropriate actions upon the environment. The collaborative operation of sensors and actors brings significant advantages over traditional sensing, including improved accuracy, larger coverage area and timely actions upon the sensed phenomena. However, to realize these potential gains, there is a need for an efficient transport layer protocol that can address the unique communication challenges introduced by the coexistence of sensors and actors. In this paper, a Real-Time and Reliable Transport (RT)2 protocol is presented for WSANs. The objective of the (RT)2 protocol is to reliably and collaboratively transport event features from the sensor field to the actor nodes with minimum energy dissipation and to timely react to sensor information with a right action. In this respect, the (RT)2 protocol simultaneously addresses congestion control and timely event transport reliability objectives in WSANs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first research effort focusing on real-time and reliable transport protocol for WSANs. Performance evaluations via simulation experiments show that the (RT)2 protocol achieves high performance in terms of reliable event detection, communication latency and energy consumption in WSANs.

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A real-time and reliable transport (RT) 2 protocol for wireless sensor and actor networks

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET), sometimes called a mobile mesh network, is a self-configuring network of mobile devices connected by wireless links. The Ad hoc networks are a new wireless networking paradigm for mobile hosts. Unlike traditional mobile wireless networks, ad hoc networks do not rely on any fixed infrastructure. Instead, hosts rely on each other to keep the network connected. It represent complex distributed systems that comprise wireless mobile nodes that can freely and dynamically self-organize into arbitrary and temporary, ‘‘ad-hoc’’ network topologies, allowing people and devices to seamlessly internetwork in areas with no pre-existing communication infrastructure. Ad hoc networking concept is not a new one, having been around in various forms for over 20 years. Traditionally, tactical networks have been the only communication networking application that followed the adhoc paradigm. Recently, the introduction of new technologies such as the Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 and Hyperlan are helping enable eventual commercial MANET deployments outside the military domain. These recent evolutions have been generating a renewed and growing interest in the research and development of MANET. This paper attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of this dynamic field. It first explains the important role that mobile ad hoc networks play in the evolution of future wireless technologies. Then, it reviews the latest research activities in these areas of MANET_s characteristics, capabilities and applications.

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Pradip Ghorpade

Papers

Mobile Ad Hoc Networking : Imperatives and Challenges