This paper aims to develop a model for simulating the electric double layer dynamics in CV measurements while simultaneously accounting for transport phenomena in both the electrode and the electrolyte. It also aims (i) to identify the dimensionless parameters that govern the CV measurements, (ii) to provide a physical interpretation of the shape of CV curves, and (iii) to investigate the effect of the electrode electrical conductivity on the predicted double layer capacitance. The transient double layer dynamics was simulated using the modified Poisson–Nernst–Planck (MPNP) model with a Stern layer and accounting for the presence of the electrode. A dimensional analysis was performed and four dimensionless numbers governing the CV measurements were identified. This study established that the hump in CV curves for electrodes with large radius of curvature was due to the saturation of ion concentration near the electrode surface before reaching the maximum potential. It also demonstrates that CV curves became symmetric for large ion diffusion coefficient due to rapid ion transport. This study confirmed that the EDL capacitance retrieved from CV measurements is constant for low scan rates and corresponds to the capacitance under equilibrium conditions. Larger ion diffusion coefficient and electrode electrical conductivity led to larger EDL capacitance at large scan rates corresponding to better charging performance.

Physical Interpretation of Cyclic Voltammetry for Measuring Electric Double Layer Capacitances

A review on prospective production of biofuel from microalgae

Heterogeneous base catalysts: Synthesis and application for biodiesel production - A review.

A review on latest trends in cleaner biodiesel production: Role of feedstock, production methods, and catalysts

The agro-food industry generates large amounts of waste that contribute to environmental contamination. Animal fat waste constitutes some of the most relevant waste and the treatment of such waste is quite costly because environmental regulations are quite strict. Part of such costs might be reduced through the generation of bioenergy. Biodiesel constitutes a valid renewable source of energy because it is biodegradable, non-toxic and has a good combustion emission profile and can be blended up to 20% with fossil diesel for its use in many countries. Furthermore, up to 70% of the total cost of biodiesel majorly depends on the cost of the raw materials used, which can be reduced using animal fat waste because they are cheaper than vegetable oil waste. In fact, 6% of total feedstock corresponded to animal fat in 2019. Transesterification with alkaline catalysis is still preferred at industrial plants producing biodiesel. Recent developments in heterogeneous catalysts that can be easily recovered, regenerated and reused, as well as immobilized lipases with increased stability and resistance to alcohol denaturation, are promising for future industrial use. This manuscript reviews the available processes and recent advances for biodiesel generation from animal fat waste.

/pdf/trends-in-biodiesel-production-from-animal-fat-waste-1395v8qceh.pdf

Trends in Biodiesel Production from Animal Fat Waste

Catalysis in biodiesel production—a review

Immobilization of Lipases – A Review. Part I: Enzyme Immobilization

Immobilization of Lipases – A Review. Part II: Carrier Materials

Quantum dots (QDs) have received much attention due to their extraordinary optical application in medical diagnostics, optoelectronics and in energy storage devices. The most conventional QDs are based on semiconductors that comprise heavy metals whose applications are limited due to toxicity and potential environmental hazard. Of late, researchers are focusing on carbon-based quantum dots, which have recently emerged as a new family of zero-dimensional nanostructured materials. They are spherical in shape with a size below 10 nm and exhibit excitation-wavelength-dependent photoluminescence (PL). Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have unique optical, photoluminescence and electrochemical properties. They are environment-friendly with low toxicity as compared to toxic heavy metal quantum dots. Generally, CQDs are derived from chemical precursor materials, but recently researchers have focused their attention on the production of CQDs from waste biomass materials due to the economic and environmental exigency. In this review, recent advances in the synthesis of CQDs from waste biomass materials, functionalization and modulation of CQDs and their potential application of biosensing are focused. This review also brings out some challenges and future perspectives for developing smart biosensing gadgets based on CQDs.

Synthesis of Carbon Quantum Dots with Special Reference to Biomass as a Source - A Review


 Non-edible oils obtained from chosen non-conventional woody plants are considered as potential raw materials for biodiesel production. These plants mostly grow in wastelands. Structural characteristics of these oils as raw material are very much in tune with the properties of biodiesel such as long-chain hydrocarbon, having an adequate level of unsaturation with branched chain. Four primary methods are being followed to make biodiesel from vegetable oil. They are direct use through blending, microemulsion, thermal cracking (pyrolysis) and transesterification. Non-edible oil would eliminate the issue of food vs fuel. The biodiesel manufactured from oils of woody plants may partially reduce the demand for liquid-fuel energy and addresses the environmental consequences of using fossil fuels. Oil from a total of 17 species of woody plants (Angiosperms) belonging to 14 families are considered in this paper. The habit, habitat and geographical distribution of each species are also presented. The physico-chemical properties of their oil, with special reference to the fatty-acid profile that ultimately decides the characteristics of the biodiesel prepared from them, are reviewed.

/pdf/scope-of-biodiesel-from-oils-of-woody-plants-a-review-4pqwrbz1ar.pdf

Pravin Raj Solomon

Papers

Catalysis in biodiesel production—a review

Immobilization of Lipases – A Review. Part I: Enzyme Immobilization

Immobilization of Lipases – A Review. Part II: Carrier Materials

Synthesis of Carbon Quantum Dots with Special Reference to Biomass as a Source - A Review

Scope of biodiesel from oils of woody plants: a review