Bone replacement might have been practiced for centuries with various materials of natural origin, but had rarely met success until the late 19th century. Nowadays, many different bone substitutes can be used. They can be either derived from biological products such as demineralized bone matrix, platelet-rich plasma, hydroxyapatite, adjunction of growth factors (like bone morphogenetic protein) or synthetic such as calcium sulfate, tri-calcium phosphate ceramics, bioactive glasses, or polymer-based substitutes. All these substitutes are not suitable for every clinical use, and they have to be chosen selectively depending on their purpose. Thus, this review aims to highlight the principal characteristics of the most commonly used bone substitutes and to give some directions concerning their clinical use, as spine fusion, open-wedge tibial osteotomy, long bone fracture, oral and maxillofacial surgery, or periodontal treatments. However, the main limitations to bone substitutes use remain the management of large defects and the lack of vascularization in their central part, which is likely to appear following their utilization. In the field of bone tissue engineering, developing porous synthetic substitutes able to support a faster and a wider vascularization within their structure seems to be a promising way of research.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2041731418776819

Bone substitutes: a review of their characteristics, clinical use, and perspectives for large bone defects management

Aim: To synthesise the current evidence for the associations between breastfeeding and dental caries with respect to specific windows of early childhood caries risk. Methods: Systematic review meta-analyses and narrative synthesis following searches of PubMed CINAHL and EMBASE databases. Results: Sixty-three papers included. Children exposed to longer versus shorter duration of breastfeeding up to age 12 months (more versus less breastfeeding) had a reduced risk of caries (OR 0.50; 95%CI 0.25 0.99 I2 86.8%). Children breastfed >12 months had an increased risk of caries when compared with children breastfed 12 months those fed nocturnally or more frequently had a further increased caries risk (five studies OR 7.14; 3.14 16.23 I2 77.1%). There was a lack of studies on children aged >12 months simultaneously assessing caries risk in breastfed bottle-fed and children not bottle or breastfed alongside specific breastfeeding practices consuming sweet drinks and foods and oral hygiene practices limiting our ability to tease out the risks attributable to each. Conclusion: Breastfeeding in infancy may protect against dental caries. Further research needed to understand the increased risk of caries in children breastfed after 12 months. ©2015 The Authors. Open Access.

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Breastfeeding and the risk of dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis

This book is a fourth edition and was pre­ viously called Cysts of the oral regions. Speight has become a joint author with Shear and has helped in updating the book to reflect the advances in the understanding of cystic lesions. The book is presented in hardback form and contains clinical photographs, radiographs, images of histological sec­ tions, and clearly presented data, all in colour. It is split into 18 chapters, the first of which deals with classifi cation of cysts. The authors group them under three main headings: cysts of the jaws, cysts associated with the maxillary antrum, and cysts of the soft tissues of the mouth, face, neck, and salivary glands. Subsequent chapters deal in detail with individual cysts, or groups of rare related lesions. Each chapter gives consideration to clinical features, epide­ miology, radiological features, aetiology, and pathology. Impressive detail is given on immunohistochemistry, enzyme his­ tochemistry and genetic advances. The text is extremely well referenced with many very recent publications. There are a few drawbacks to the book. One is the order in which the cysts are presented. The chapter on radicular cysts is found in the second half of the book yet it is the most common cyst. I found the layout to be less useful than other textbooks. Treatment is considered in terms of general principle; however, the reader is pointed to additional texts for further reading on this topic. To summarise, this is a very detailed book (over 50 pages are devoted to the odontogenic keratocyst alone), and I feel this is excessive for it to be considered as an undergraduate text. It is probably more suited to specialists in the fi elds of oral pathology, oral surgery, and maxil­ lofacial radiology. For trainees in these specialties, this text would provide an excellent reference in preparation for examinations. A. Ulhuq

/pdf/cysts-of-the-oral-and-maxillofacial-regions-8a589t47m9.pdf

Cysts of the oral and maxillofacial regions

Objective The proposed study aimed to evaluate and compare the bone regeneration between commercially available hydroxyapatite–β-tricalcium phosphate (Ossifi; Equinox, the Netherlands), powdered polylactic acid (powdered PLA; Sigma-Aldrich, United States), and three-dimensionally printed PLA (3D-printed PLA; Cubex, SC, United States) using 3D printer (Cube X trio) in an animal model. Materials and Methods Eighteen New Zealand rabbits were divided into three groups with six animals each. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) was collected from the venous blood and preserved. Bone defect (4 mm × 2 mm) without disturbing the bone marrow was created and filled with bone graft material (group 1–Ossifi, group 2–powdered PLA, and group 3–3D-printed PLA), over which PRF membranes were placed. The graft material and the barrier were stabilized using resorbable sutures, and all the animals were maintained for 4, 8, and 12 weeks, after which they were euthanized, and bone samples were retrieved. Retrieved bone samples were subjected to radiological and histological analysis. Results The radiographic and histological changes of 3D-printed PLA in comparison with other two materials (Ossifi and powdered PLA) seemed to have a significant difference. Conclusion 3D-printed PLA scaffolds showed positive signs of bone regeneration around the material in continuity defects. PLA material can be a promising alternative bone regenerative material.

/pdf/comparison-of-the-efficacy-of-three-different-bone-4hcw1uwc3z.pdf

Comparison of the Efficacy of Three Different Bone Regeneration Materials: An Animal Study.

Early childhood caries (ECC) is a type of dental caries in the teeth of infants and children that is represented as one of the most prevalent dental problems in this period. Various studies have reported different types of prevalence of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children worldwide. However, there has been no comprehensive study to summarize the results of these studies in general, so this study aimed to determine the prevalence of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children in different continents of the world during a systematic review and meta-analysis. In this review study, articles were extracted by searching in the national and international databases of SID, MagIran, IranMedex, IranDoc, Cochrane, Embase, ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science (ISI) between 1995 and December 2019. Random effects model was used for analysis and heterogeneity of studies was evaluated by using the I2 index. Data were analyzed by using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (Version 2) software. In this study, a total of 164 articles (81 articles on the prevalence of dental caries in primary teeth and 83 articles on the prevalence of dental caries in permanent teeth) were entered the meta-analysis. The prevalence of dental caries in primary teeth in children in the world with a sample size of 80,405 was 46.2% (95% CI: 41.6–50.8%), and the prevalence of dental caries in permanent teeth in children in the world with a sample size of 1,454,871 was 53.8% (95% CI: 50–57.5%). Regarding the heterogeneity on the basis of meta-regression analysis, there was a significant difference in the prevalence of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children in different continents of the world. With increasing the sample size and the year of study, dental caries in primary teeth increased and in permanent teeth decreased. The results of this study showed that the prevalence of primary and permanent dental caries in children in the world was found to be high. Therefore, appropriate strategies should be implemented to improve the aforementioned situation and to troubleshoot and monitor at all levels by providing feedback to hospitals.

/pdf/dental-caries-in-primary-and-permanent-teeth-in-children-s-b7k5pztt5x.pdf

Dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children’s worldwide, 1995 to 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objectives:
Early childhood caries (ECC) is a devastating form of dental decay with multi-factorial origin. The aim of this cross-sectional study is to investigate the prevalence and related risk factors of ECC in preschool children of urban Bangalore (India).

https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/pdf/10.1055/s-0039-1698943.pdf

Prevalence of early childhood caries and associated risk factors in preschool children of urban Bangalore, India: A cross-sectional study.

Objective: The aim was to evaluate the effect of Er, Cr: YSGG laser and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) on surface micro-hardness of primary tooth enamel. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 freshly extracted caries free primary anterior teeth were cleaned and stored in 1% thymol. Teeth were embedded in acrylic resin such that only their buccal surfaces were exposed and were divided into four groups. Group I: Five intact teeth (negative control). The remaining 25 teeth were immersed for 30 min in 1% citric acid for demineralization. Group II: Five demineralized teeth (positive control), Group III: CPP-ACP (GC tooth mousse-GC International, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo, Japan) application and Group IV: Etching using Er, Cr: YSGG laser + CPP-ACP application. Groups III and IV were subjected to pH cycling for 5 days. Surface micro-hardness of all the teeth was measured using Brinell hardness tester (Fuel Instruments and Engineers Pvt. Ltd.). Data were analyzed using ANOVA. Results: Mean surface micro-hardness of Groups I and II were 177.43 kgf/mm2 and 164.86 kgf/mm2, respectively. Group IV showed a higher mean surface micro-hardness (230.68 kgf/mm2) compared with that of Group III (190.28 kgf/mm2). In comparison to all other groups, laser etching prior to CPP-ACP application increased surface micro-hardness significantly (P

/pdf/effect-of-erbium-chromium-yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet-5ok5zsvs0i.pdf

Effect of erbium, chromium: yttrium, scandium, gallium, garnet laser and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate on surface micro-hardness of primary tooth enamel.

In children infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) commences at a very young age These drugs are administered over a prolonged period and could be a possible risk factor for dental caries in these children



Objectives

To assess endogenous pH, titratable acidity and type and concentration of sugars present in drugs used in treatment of HIV-infected children



Study design

Eleven drugs that are regularly prescribed to treat HIV infection in children (antiretrovirals, antibacterial, antifungal) were selected The endogenous pH and titratable acidity of each drug was assessed Type and concentration of sugars present in these medications was estimated using thin layer chromatography



Results

Medications were mostly in syrup form and their pH ranged from 227 to 798 Titratable acidity varied between 001 to 037 mmol Sucrose was present in all medications, and more than 60 g% of sucrose was present in anti-acterial and antifungal preparations



Conclusion

The physical properties and sugar content of medications used in ART pose a risk to dental health of children

Cariogenic potential of medications used in treatment of children with HIV infection.

Traumatic bone cyst is an uncommon non-epithelium lined cavity and is seen frequently in young individuals. The lesion occurs more commonly in the mandible, involving the posterior region. It is generally asymptomatic and is diagnosed on routine radiographic examination. The cystic cavity is usually empty and there is scanty material for histological examination. Surgical curettage is usually done and recurrence is rare. A case of traumatic bone cyst occurring in the anterior region of mandible in a young boy is presented. Following surgical intervention, plasma-rich-protein was placed in the cystic cavity. The lesion showed progressive resolution and bone regeneration of the cystic cavity within a short period of time.

Bone regeneration with plasma-rich-protein following enucleation of traumatic bone cyst

Introduction: Marginal seal integrity is important for a successful adhesive dental restoration. Alterations caused by laser irradiation in the enamel and dentin surface can affect the marginal integrity of adhesive restorations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microleakage of a composite resin restoration in primary teeth following laser irradiation of enamel and dentin. Methods: Forty freshly extracted sound human primary maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth were used in this study. The teeth were randomly divided into two groups (I and II), with 20 teeth in each. In group I, proximal cavities (Class III) were prepared using an airotor hand -piece and diamond bur. The cavities were etched for 15 seconds with 35% phosphoric acid gel, rinsed with water for 15 seconds, air dried and a bonding agent was applied onto the cavity surfaces and light cured for 20 seconds. The cavities were restored with composite resin and light cured for 40 seconds. In group II, proximal (Class III) cavities were prepared using Erbium, Chromium: Yttrium Scandium Gallium Garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) (Er,Cr:YSGG) (Biolaseiplus, wave length 2.78 μm). The cavity was then rinsed, air dried and without etching, a bonding agent was applied and light cured for 20 seconds. The cavities were restored in the same manner as that of group I. The treated teeth were mounted on acrylic resin blocks and were subjected to a thermocycling regimen. Following, the teeth were immersed in 2% methylene blue for 24 hours. The teeth were sectioned longitudinally in a bucco-lingual direction using a diamond disc at slow speed. The sections of all the groups were examined under a stereomicroscope for micro-leakage. Results: The mean scores for microleakage in group I was 1.95 ± 1.31 and in group II it was 1.4 ± 1.27. There was no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.882). Conclusion: No significant difference in microleakage was noticed between the composite resin bonded to lased enamel and dentin and the teeth preparedwith conventional method.

/pdf/assessment-of-microleakage-of-a-composite-resin-restoration-2i0yie7944.pdf

Assessment of Microleakage of a Composite Resin Restoration in Primary Teeth Following Class III Cavity Preparation Using Er, Cr: YSGG laser: An In Vitro Study.

Priya Subramaniam

Papers

Prevalence of early childhood caries and associated risk factors in preschool children of urban Bangalore, India: A cross-sectional study.

Effect of erbium, chromium: yttrium, scandium, gallium, garnet laser and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate on surface micro-hardness of primary tooth enamel.

Cariogenic potential of medications used in treatment of children with HIV infection.

Bone regeneration with plasma-rich-protein following enucleation of traumatic bone cyst

Assessment of Microleakage of a Composite Resin Restoration in Primary Teeth Following Class III Cavity Preparation Using Er, Cr: YSGG laser: An In Vitro Study.