Numerical Initial Value Problems in Ordinary Differential Equations

Phasor measurement units (PMUs) are rapidly being deployed in electric power networks across the globe. Wide-area measurement system (WAMS), which builds upon PMUs and fast communication links, is consequently emerging as an advanced monitoring and control infrastructure. Rapid adaptation of such devices and technologies has led the researchers to investigate multitude of challenges and pursue opportunities in synchrophasor measurement technology, PMU structural design, PMU placement, miscellaneous applications of PMU from local perspectives, and various WAMS functionalities from the system perspective. Relevant research articles appeared in the IEEE and IET publications from 1983 through 2014 are rigorously surveyed in this paper to represent a panorama of research progress lines. This bibliography will aid academic researchers and practicing engineers in adopting appropriate topics and will stimulate utilities toward development and implementation of software packages.

Synchrophasor Measurement Technology in Power Systems: Panorama and State-of-the-Art

High impedance fault detection: A review

This paper delineates a novel analytical and computational approach to fault location for power transmission grids. The proposed methodology involves an online and an offline stage. The online stage is based solely on the utilization of the time-of-arrival (ToA) measurements of traveling waves propagating from the fault-occurrence point to synchronized wide-area monitoring devices installed at strategically selected substations. The captured waveforms are processed together at the time of fault in order to identify the location of the fault under study. The overall performance of the developed technique is demonstrated using Alternative Transients Program (ATP) simulations of fault transients and postprocessing the faulted waveform data via discrete wavelet transform. The applicability of the algorithm is independent of the fault type and can readily be extended to transmission grids of any size.

Traveling-Wave-Based Fault-Location Technique for Transmission Grids Via Wide-Area Synchronized Voltage Measurements

This paper presents an innovative two-terminal traveling wave (TW)-based fault location formulation. It depends only on the time difference between the first incident TW and the successive reflection from the fault point, at both line ends. Thereby, the proposed formulation requires neither data synchronization nor line parameters, which are sources of error that usually affect TW-based fault location schemes. Several faults on a typical 500 kV line were simulated to compare the proposed formulation performance with that of a classical two-end approach. The obtained results attest that the proposed formulation is able to accurately locate faults on transmission lines, even when data synchronism errors and uncertainties in the monitored line parameters exist.

Accurate Two-Terminal Transmission Line Fault Location Using Traveling Waves

This paper presents a new two-terminal impedance-based fault-location algorithm, which takes into account the distributed parameter line model. The algorithm utilizes unsynchronized measurements of voltages and currents from two ends of a line and is formulated in terms of the fundamental frequency phasors of symmetrical components of the measured signals. First, an analytical synchronization of the unsynchronized measurements is performed with use of the determined synchronization operator. Then, the distance to fault is calculated as for the synchronized measurements. Simultaneous usage of two kinds of symmetrical components for determining the synchronization operator makes that the calculations are simple, noniterative, and at the same time highly accurate. The developed fault-location algorithm has been thoroughly tested using signals of Alternate Transients Program-Electromagnetic Transients Program versatile simulations of faults on a transmission line. The presented evaluation shows the validity of the developed fault-location algorithm and its high accuracy.

Accurate Noniterative Fault-Location Algorithm Utilizing Two-End Unsynchronized Measurements

This paper presents a new method for locating faults on three-terminal power lines. Estimation of a distance to fault and indication of a faulted section is performed using three-phase current from all three terminals and additionally three-phase voltage from the terminal at which a fault locator is installed. Such a set of synchronized measurements has been taken into consideration with the aim of developing a fault-location algorithm for applications with current differential relays of three-terminal lines. The delivered fault-location algorithm consists of three subroutines designated for locating faults within particular line sections and a procedure for indicating the faulted line section. Testing and evaluation of the algorithm has been performed with fault data obtained from versatile Alternate Transients Program-Electromagnetic Transients Program simulations. The sample results of the evaluation are reported and discussed.

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A Fault-Location Method for Application With Current Differential Relays of Three-Terminal Lines

This paper presents an accurate fault-location algorithm for double-circuit series-compensated lines. Use of two-end current and voltage signals is taken into account and a more general case of unsynchronized measurements is studied. Different options for analytical synchronization of the measurements are considered. The algorithm applies two subroutines, designated for locating faults on particular line sections, and in addition, the procedure for selecting the valid subroutine. The subroutines are formulated with the use of the generalized fault-loop model, leading to compact formulas. Consideration of the distributed parameter line model ensures high accuracy of the fault location. The proposed selection procedure allows for reliable selection of the valid subroutine. The developed fault-location algorithm has been thoroughly tested using signals taken from Alternate Transients Program-Electromagnetic Transients Program versatile simulations of faults on a double-circuit series-compensated transmission line. The presented fault-location evaluation shows the validity of the derived fault-location algorithm and its high accuracy.

Fault Location on Double-Circuit Series-Compensated Lines Using Two-End Unsynchronized Measurements

A method for locating faults in three-terminal and multi-terminal power lines, applicable in electric power systems for overhead and underground cable transmission and distribution lines. The inventive method is characterised in that it measures current for fault and pre-fault conditions and in one terminal station of the system line phase voltage for fault and pre-fault conditions is measured, a hypothetical fault location is assumed, the distances to the hypothetical fault locations are calculated and fault resistance is calculated, the actual fault point is selected by first comparing the numerical values concerning the distances to the hypothetical fault locations and rejecting those results whose numerical values are negative or bigger than one in relative units, and then by analysing the values of the calculated fault resistances for the fault locations and rejecting those results of the calculations for which the value of fault resistance is negative, and if there is still more than one calculation result remains not rejected then performing selection of the valid result by analysing the values of the calculated respective equivalent source impedances.

A method for fault location in electric power lines

The present invention is concerned with a method for faulted phase selection and fault type determination in electric power lines applicable both to series compensated and uncompensated power lines, fit for use in the power industry for overhead and overhead-cable transmission or distribution lines. The inventive method comprising the following steps: a fault inception detection, an estimation of fault phase current signals, pre-fault current signals and zero-sequence current in order to receive the absolute value of incremental current signals (I AB , I BC , I CA ) and their maximum value (I max ), a calculation of real value indicators ( S A ,S B ,S C ,S 3 A ,S 3 B ,S 3 C ) which indicate the minimum values of a combination of data for phase to phase faults and for 3-phase fault and a calculation of a real value indicator ( S G ) as the maximum value of data for phase to ground fault, a calculation of the fault type indicators (F1 -F10) as the minimum values of the real values indicators ( S A ,S B ,S C ,S 3 A ,S 3 B ,S 3 C ,S G ) by: grouping the first group indicators (F1-F3) and calculating the sum of the minimum value of the combination of real value indicators for phase to ground fault, grouping the second group indicators (F4-F6) and calculating the minimum value of the combination of real value indicators for phase to phase fault, grouping the third group indicators (F7-F9) and calculating the sum of the previously calculated indicator (F1-F6) for phase to phase to ground faults, calculating the indicator (F10) as the minimum value of real value indicators for 3-phase fault, a selection of a fault phase (F max ) by calculating the maximum value of all the fault type indicators (F1-F10) which at the same time determines the fault type and presentation of the data in the protective relay (2) or in the means connected to the protective relay.

Przemyslaw Balcerek

Papers

Accurate Noniterative Fault-Location Algorithm Utilizing Two-End Unsynchronized Measurements

A Fault-Location Method for Application With Current Differential Relays of Three-Terminal Lines

Fault Location on Double-Circuit Series-Compensated Lines Using Two-End Unsynchronized Measurements

A method for fault location in electric power lines

A method of fault phase selection and fault type determination