The current COVID-19 pandemic has led to the acceleration of the digitization process and to a shifting to Industry 4.0. Blockchain (BC) is one of the technologies that has been introduced worldwide in recent years. It has been beneficial for the tourism industry, in addition to many other sectors. This article investigates the advantages and disadvantages of BC adoption in the tourism industry, as well as the possible solutions to overcome the challenges. This paper conducts a systematic literature review (SLR) that consists of the operations for detecting, selecting, categorizing, and analyzing relevant articles on a specified subject. It is evident from the results that the majority of the academic works illustrate the benefits of BC implementation and explain its potential by providing diverse models of BC-based systems. However, since BC is a young technology, numerous challenges have appeared on the path to its full adoption in the tourism industry. Possible solutions are the achievement of a collaborative approach among the stakeholders, the deepening of academic research in the field, testing more models of BC-based systems, and the establishment of relevant policies. Consequently, the implications for the theory, practice, policy, and research of this work are significant.

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/12/7383/pdf?version=1655435632

The Impact of Blockchain Technology Adoption on Tourism Industry: A Systematic Literature Review

In the tourism industry it is common that the information obtained from customers can be varied, dispersed, and with high volumes of data. In this context, the automatic analysis of information has been proposed through electronic customer relationship management, which refers to marketing activities, tools and techniques, delivered with the use of electronic channels for the specific purpose of locating, building and improving long- term relationships with customers, to enhance their individual potential. In this paper, we refer to the analysis of information in three aspects: customer satisfaction, the study of customer behavior and the forecast of tourist demand. Specifically, we have created a novel dataset comprising the non-verbal preference assessment of tourists who are clients of the Sol Cayo Guillermo hotel belonging to the Melia hotel chain, in Jardines del Rey, Cuba. Then, by applying Computational Intelligence algorithms to this dataset, we achieve segment customers according to their non-verbal preferences, in order to increase their satisfaction, and therefore the client profitability. In order to achieve a good performance in the realization of this task, we have proposed two modifications of the Naive Associative Classifier, whose results are compared with the most relevant computational algorithms of the state of the art. The experimentally obtained values of balanced accuracy and averaged F1 measure show that, by clearly improving the results of the state-of-the-art algorithms, our proposal is adequate to successfully use electronic customer relationship management in the tourist services provided by hotel chains.

Improvement of Tourists Satisfaction According to Their Non-Verbal Preferences Using Computational Intelligence

The agglomeration paradigm for creative industries has fundamentally changed under the digital economy, giving rise to a new form of virtual agglomeration within these industries. This study explores the causes of this virtual agglomeration. We collected online Chinese news texts related to the virtual agglomeration of the creative industry, used text mining to identify nine factors affecting its formation, and refined the internal and external factors for an analytical framework based on the PEST (political, economic, social, technological) and value-chain models. We then combined the relevant literature and the creative industry’s development practices, analyzed the mechanism of each driving factor, and constructed a driving-force model for the creative industry’s virtual agglomeration. The external driving factors were government policy planning, the digital economic environment, emerging consumer demand, and the application of innovative technology; the internal factors were the digitalization of cultural resources, flexible manufacturing, digital marketing and promotion, online interactive services, and virtual platform facilities. Each factor was found to contribute to virtual agglomeration through different internal mechanisms. This study’s findings have theoretical and practical value for cultivating the modes of virtual agglomeration within creative industries.

What Causes the Virtual Agglomeration of Creative Industries

The article analyzes the preconditions and mechanisms of management algorithmization on information (digital) platforms (IPs) and their contradictory impact on the transformation of competition in the tourism sector. The sources of competitive advantages of IPs formed as a result of digitalization are presented. The author reveals positive and negative consequences of the influence of platformization on the development of competitive relations for manufacturers and consumers. The negative ones include the monopolization of markets, the transition from the "invisible hand (Providence / market)" to the digital hand of IP and to computing devices that are devoid of subjectivity and from "data mining" to "reality mining", which influences consumer's thinking in order to control his behavior. The IPs assume the role of an intermediary-arbiter between potential competitors for the user's attention. The differences between IP as an innovative institutional form on the one hand, and hierarchical, network and market structures on the other are substantiated. The features of the algorithmic management model are revealed and the mechanisms of its functioning based on the use of rating and ranking tools are shown. It is based on the co-optation of ecosystem participants in the process of solving managerial tasks without delegating leadership powers to them. Managerial influence is replaced by regulation based on the algorithmic involvement of independent participants in the creation of new value. There is a transition from the "iron cage" of bureaucratic procedures to the "invisible cage" of quickly and easily changeable rules established by IP. The users’ ratings are recalculated into constantly renewable ranks, which serve to stimulate responses from producers and users. “Content supervision” by IP turns into a tool of IP’s “supervisory control” over producers. As a result, they, like consumers, become absolutely dependent on IP, which determines the order and carries out the ranking, and thereby predetermines success in the competitive struggle.

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Contradictions of virtual competition as a result of algorithmization of management on digital platforms: institutional context

The continuous and in-depth development of smart technology has brought new development opportunities and challenges to the development of the tourism industry. This research mainly discusses the design of ethnic minority tourism information services and sustainable tourism development in the context of smart cities. The smart tourism public service application system must meet the three major requirements of different service objects. One is a smart service system aimed at satisfying tourists’ travel information services. The second is to meet the needs of tourism companies for online marketing and e-commerce on the platform. The third is to provide a platform for the government to master travel information and supervise the travel market to realize e-government management. Therefore, the smart tourism application system includes three aspects: service, market, and management. The smart tourism service module is a module that the platform provides tourists with “eating, accommodation, transportation, travel, shopping, and entertainment” tourism information inquiry and consulting services and also uses modern information technology to provide navigation, tour guide, and shopping guide services in tourism. The smart tourism marketing module is the corporate product display, image promotion, and platform sales services provided by the platform for tourism companies. The smart tourism management module provides tourism management departments with services for managing various types of tourism information on the platform, platform security operations, and emergency response systems. As an ethnic minority region, the total tourism revenue of M city in 2020 will reach 75.68 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 21.33%. This research will highlight the unique charm of ethnic minorities and help drive the economic development of one party.

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Minority Tourist Information Service and Sustainable Development of Tourism under the Background of Smart City

The development of global tourism has put forward new requirements for the construction of smart tourism. More and more travel-related data have reached the level of TB or even PB, which has brought great difficulties to tourism management. This article explores the use of big data technologies such as genetic algorithms to explore massive travel data and establish a comprehensive tourism information service platform for governments, enterprises, tourists, and scientific research institutions. The overall design of an industrial information service platform based on big tourist data is proposed. The overall function, data source, data standard, and application scope of the platform are all focused on. The traceability and nontampering of blockchain technology can also help passengers retain and verify their identity information. From the perspective of the design goals of the system, in general, the time required for repeated authentication will greatly reduce air ticket bookings, accommodation reservations, and bill verification, and improving efficiency is the only way to establish a “trust ecology.” Architecture design, distributed architecture, and intelligent service design, as well as the key implementation technology of service platform construction, route recommendation algorithm and tourism information big data mining, research and analysis on the construction of tourism information intelligent service.

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Research on Construction of a Cloud Platform for Tourism Information Intelligent Service Based on Blockchain Technology

The advantages of e-commerce and information technology play an extremely important role in enhancing the competitiveness of the tourism industry and adapting to the needs of global economic integration. The development of e-commerce has played a huge role in all walks of life. For the tourism industry, the role of e-commerce is even more important. This article analyzes the influence of e-commerce on tourism production factors, such as optimizing tourism production factors, optimizing industrial structure, improving the competitiveness of tourism enterprises and playing the leading role of the government. This article attempts to find out the fundamental reason why e-commerce can enhance the competitiveness of China’s tourism industry, so as to find a better way for e-commerce to promote the development of China’s tourism industry. In order to accurately predict the scale and quantity of domestic tourism, an optimized neural network model is proposed to analyze and predict tourism data, and then analyze and research the data. Tourism development factors such as tourism development factors, changes in tourism demand and the optimization of industrial structure have effectively promoted the development of China’s tourism industry.

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Qinan Wang

Papers

Research on Construction of a Cloud Platform for Tourism Information Intelligent Service Based on Blockchain Technology

Application of an artificial neural network optimization model in e-commerce platform based on tourism management