The basic methodology for a Value-Driven Design (VDD) approach within life-cycle-oriented context is presented: Definition, Analysis, Evaluation, and Improvement. This chapter concludes that VDD presents a deeper conceptual quality over the traditional Systems Engineering approach, and offers a step improvement, in that VDD optimizes toward an optimal solution rather than finding one that fits into a broad box of potential solutions that are all equally good. And secondly, it is shown that VDD focuses MDO on the need to actually maximize value rather than losing site of the original goal due to the infinite complexity in deepening the analysis of independent variables, over and above the main issue of predicting and influencing the dependant variable that is identified through the objective value function. However, in terms of VDD delivering true operational value potential, the most important insight highlighted relates to the establishment of three clear principles that include: (1) the Differential Value Principle, (2) the Additive Value Principle, and (3) the Subjective Value Principle. These three Value Principles are proposed in order to help in the formulation of Value Models that truly capture the nature of value analysis and VDD. A case study is presented to demonstrate the application of the VDD approach in terms of an aircraft manufacturers' profit.


Keywords:

value-driven design;
operations research;
value engineering;
design methodology;
cost modeling;
aircraft design;
integration;
systems engineering

Value‐Driven Design and Operational Value

Manufacturing organizations shall recognize sustainability as a business occasion to capitalize on, rather than an undesirable pressing situation. Still, empirical evidence shows that this opportunity is hard to capture and communicate in global strategic decisions, through planning by tactical management, to daily operational activities. This paper systematically reviews the modeling challenges at the crossroad of value and sustainability decisions making, spotlighting methods and tools proposed in literature to link sustainability to customer value creation at strategic, tactical and operational level. While statistical results show that the topic of sustainability and value modeling is trending in literature, findings from content analysis reveal that recent attempts to promote a value-based view in the sustainability discussion remain at a strategic level, with most of the proposed indicators being suited for managerial decision-making. The lack of support at operational level points to the opportunity of cross-pollinating sustainability research with value-centered methodologies originating from the aerospace sector. The Value Driven Design framework is proposed as main hub from which to derive models supporting engineers and technology developers in the identification of win-win-win situations, where sustainable improvements are aligned with business advantages.

https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/201705.0003/v3/download

Introducing Sustainability in Value Models to Support Design Decision Making: A Systematic Review

Construction projects are becoming ever more ambitious in terms of the size of structures, the number of requirements, the number and influence of stakeholders and the extent to which technology is integrated into buildings. Although great buildings may historically have been designed and built by a single guiding mind – ‘the architect’ – modern buildings require teams of specialists to work together to develop ideal solutions. In these circumstances, to ensure that construction projects are delivered on time, to budget and to the requirements specified by the customer, the construction industry could benefit from adopting a systems’ engineering approach to design. Based on 45 years of spacecraft instrumentation research and development and over 10 years experience teaching Systems Engineering in a range of industries, University College London's (UCL's) Mullard Space Science Laboratory has identified a set of guiding principles that have been found to be critical in delivering successful projects in the ...

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Systems for construction: lessons for the construction industry from experiences in spacecraft systems engineering

The paper presents the results from a study in coll aboration with an airline that looked at modeling the relationship of maintenance and fuel burn costs relative to minimizing the life cycle cost relative to schedule. The work has verified that the bucket theory presented in the paper is a correct and has a direct impact on t he scheduling interval. Ultimately, it was found that the maintenance schedule at the collabor ating company was overly long and could be reduced by 15-20%, to reduce total costs i n the longer term. The Genetic-Causal Approach was used in the cost modelling process and incorporated into the Value Operations Methodology. Consequently, the generic relevance of both these theories has been validated through the work presented. I. Introduction HE paper will present a value analysis approach as applied to the scheduling of maintenance for aircra ft engines. The work was carried out in collaboration with a collaborating airline and is of high impact in that it includes the coupling of the cost of fuel-burn as w ell as the cost of maintenance cost in investigatin g how to minimize airline Direct Operating Cost. At a more g eneric level, the paper gives insight in the develo pment and application of the Value Operations Methodology (VOM) that can be used to support a Value Driven Engin eering (VDE) approach.

/pdf/value-analysis-of-engine-maintenance-scheduling-relative-to-56oxkqe3r8.pdf

Value Analysis of Engine Maintenance Scheduling relative to Fuel Burn and Minimal Operating Costs

Cost estimating of commercial smallsat launch vehicles

This paper gives insight in the development of a Value Operations Methodology (VOM) that can be used to support Value Driven Design (VDD). The VOM establishes expressions for operational value levers that are incorporated into a weighted value function. This value function is then used to optimize the design variables that are incorporated into it so that the design process is actively driven by value assessments that provide design decision metrics. However, the VOM is generic in nature and has a much wider range of influence to the design process for any engineering product. The methodology is verified by means of a case study, analyzing the value difference between the Boeing 737-200, Boeing 737-800, Embraer ERJ-145 and the Airbus 319 as part of a use-case study. In fact, the fundamental conclusion from the work presented is actually that VDD simply promotes the sustained application of the main utility values that were originally recognised but which, due to the complexity of the product and enterprise, tends to be disaggregated into isolated requirements. Ultimately, this leads to optimisation at a sub-system level and that is especially unacceptable for a complex system (with many sub-systems), whereas the re-focus of VOM helps to significantly shift the design effort back to creatively solving the main goal, rather than simply and somewhat robotically making sure the requirements are satisfied. The verification and validation work presented is recognised as indicative but the authors believe that it is extremely significant in pointing towards the potential gains from sustaining a more holistic appraisal and approach through-out the design process. Notwithstanding, the key message of the paper is the need for value modelling within engineering so that we are in control of the consequences of what we are actualising, where value is realised through operational delivery and excellence! This paper has presented a broad methodology in opening up a significantly different approach to aircraft design that may well still be economically driven but incorporating drivers of a much more holistic cause: proactively rather than reactively!

/pdf/a-value-operations-methodology-for-value-driven-design-11uiau4t0y.pdf

A Value Operations Methodology for Value Driven Design: Medium Range Passenger Airliner Validation

This paper gives insight in the development of a Value Operations Methodology (VOM) that can be used to support Value Driven Design (VDD). The VOM establishes expressions for operational value levers that are incorporated into a weighted value function. This value function is then used to optimize the design variables that are incorporated into it so that the design process is actively driven by value assessments that provide design decision metrics. However, the VOM is generic in nature and has a much wider range of influence to the design process for any engineering product. The methodology is verified by means of a case study, analyzing the value difference between the Boeing 737-200, Boeing 737-800, Embraer ERJ-145 and the Airbus 319 as part of a use-case study. In fact, the fundamental conclusion from the work presented is actually that VDD simply promotes the sustained application of the main utility values that were originally recognized but which, due to the complexity of the product and enterprise, tends to be disaggregated into isolated requirements. Ultimately, this leads to optimization at a sub-system level and that is especially unacceptable for a complex system (with many sub-systems), whereas the re-focus of VOM helps to significantly shift the design effort back to creatively solving the main goal, rather than simply and somewhat robotically making sure the requirements are satisfied. The verification and validation work presented is recognized as indicative but the authors believe that it is extremely significant in pointing towards the potential gains from sustaining a more holistic appraisal and approach through-out the design process. Notwithstanding, the key message of the paper is the need for value modeling within engineering so that we are in control of the consequences of what we are actualizing, where value is realized through operational delivery and excellence. This paper has presented a broad methodology in opening up a significantly different approach to aircraft design that is both performance and economics driven while also incorporating other crucial drivers of a much more holistic nature, proactively rather than reactively.

R. Curran

Papers

A Value Operations Methodology for Value Driven Design: Medium Range Passenger Airliner Validation

Value Operations Methodology (VOM) applied to medium-range passenger airliner design