Abstract: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a global healthcare concern and a leading cause of death. The most common causes of TBI include road accidents, sports injuries, violence in warzones, and falls. TBI induces neuronal cell death independent of age, gender, and genetic background. TBI survivor patients often experience long-term behavioral changes like cognitive and emotional changes. TBI affects social activity, reducing the quality and duration of life. Over the last 40 years, several rodent models have been developed to mimic different clinical outcomes of human TBI for a better understanding of pathophysiology and to check the efficacy of drugs used for TBI. However, promising neuroprotective approaches that have been used preclinically have been found to be less beneficial in clinical trials. So, there is an urgent need to find a suitable animal model for establishing a new therapeutic intervention useful for TBI. In this review, we have demonstrated the etiology of TBI and post- TBI social life alteration, and also discussed various preclinical TBI models of rodents, zebrafish, and drosophila. 

What Happens in TBI? A Wide Talk on Animal Models and Future Perspective Satyabrata

An abnormal dopamine secretion has been found or suspected in several psychiatric disorders, such as mania, depression and dementia, but it is in schizophrenia that a dopamine secretion pathology appears to be the most closely related to the disease process. The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia states that some dopaminergic systems, or subsystems, are hyperactive or hypersensitive in the brain of schizophrenic patients. The main support for this theory is that neuroleptics, which are dopamine blockers, improve schizophrenic symptomatology. This support has been reinforced by the finding that the affinity of neuroleptics for dopamine receptors, and specifically for the dopamine D2 receptors, directly correlates with their clinical potency (Creese et al., 1976; Seeman et al., 1976).

R. de Beaurepaire

Papers

The Dopamine System and Mental Disorders: Clinical and Psychopharmacological Overview