A new nonlinear optical material, 4-[(2E)-3-(3-fluorophenyl) prop-2-enoyl] benzonitrile (3FPB), belonging to chalcone family was synthesized and characterized by FTIR and linear absorption spectroscopy. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction reveals that the new material crystallizes in monoclinic system with P21/c space group and lattice parameters a = 6.4841(2) A, b = 13.6038(5) A, c = 14.6418(6) A, α = 90.00°, β = 94.552(2)° and γ = 90°. The crystallographic perfection of the synthesized material has been analyzed by X-ray powder diffraction. The X-ray powder diffraction peaks of the sample were indexed with hkl values. The UV–visible spectrum for 3FPB crystals showed the optical transmittance window and a lower cutoff wavelength of absorption at 343 nm. The direct transition band gap energy and indirect transition energy gap were determined using Tauc’s plots. The thermal stability and melting point of the material have been investigated by thermogravimetric analysis/differential thermal analysis (TGA/DTA). The Thermogravimetric curve showed the absence of any phase transition before melting point. Third-order nonlinear absorption and optical limiting experiment were carried out using open-aperture Z-scan experiment with Nd:YAG laser nanosecond pulses at a wavelength of 532 nm.

Crystal structure and nonlinear optical absorption of a new chalcone derivative: a promising candidate for optical switching

Structural, optical, thermal, dielectric and Z-scan study on novel (2E)-1-(4-aminophenyl)-3-(4-benzyloxyphenyl)-prop-2-en-1-one (APBPP) chalcone crystal for nonlinear optical applications

The present study highlights the synthesis, single crystal structure and complete spectral characterization of two heteroaryl chalcones, namely (i) (E)-3-(benzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (C17H12O2S) and (ii) (E)-1-(2-aminophenyl)-3-(benzo[b]thio phen-3-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (C17H13NOS). In both of these compounds, the molecules show weak intermolecular C–H···O interactions utilizing the keto group in addition to hydrogen bonding including hydroxyl and amino groups. In the case of compound (ii) water molecules are trapped in voids of the crystal lattice. π–π stacking interactions between phenyl and benzothiazole rings are observed in the crystal packing. In addition to crystallographic data, both the structures are also described for the first time with 1H NMR, H–H Cosy, 13C NMR, DEPT-135, HR-MS, TGA-DTG, DSC, IR and UV spectral data. The synthesis, single crystal structure and complete spectral characterization of benzo[b]thiophene-3-carbaldehyde based novel heteroaryl chalcones.

Synthesis, Single Crystal Structure and Spectroscopic Aspects of Benzo[b]thiophene-3-carbaldehyde Based Chalcones

A total of 3 novel compounds of unsymmetrical bis-chalcone, namely, compound 1A, 1B and 1C had been synthesized by the Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction. The synthesized unsymmetrical bis-chlacone compounds were further proceeded to the complexation with cis-dichlorotetrakis(dimethylsulfoxide) ruthenium(II) precursor and boron trifluoride diethyl ether to produce the new ruthenium(II) complexes, 2A, 2B and 2C and borondifluoride complexes, 3A, 3B and 3C. The molecular structure of the synthesized compounds and complexes were spectroscopically characterized and confirmed by fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer, proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer, UV-visible spectrophotometer and CHN analysis. The single crystal of complexes 2C and 3C were analyzed by X-ray crystallography and resolved using Apex III and Olex 2.0 software. At last, all synthesized compounds and complexes were applied as the dye sensitizer in the dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) by using FTO glass coated with titanium dioxide (TiO2) as the working electrode and the ITO glass coated with platinum as the counter electrode. The conversion efficiency was tested using the San Ei XES-40S1 Solar Simulator under monochromatic light of air mass 1.5 global (AM 1.5G) with the incident light intensity of 100 mW/cm2. Results showed that complex 3C that consists of OMe and borondifluoride substituents in the same molecule achieved the highest efficiency at 0.091% with 14% IPCE at 430 nm. Conversely, the ruthenium complexes have the lowest efficiency at 0.001 – 0.002% with 0.32-2.55% IPCE at 430 nm. Aside from the importance of push-pull effect in the conversion efficiency, the results from X-ray crystal data also discovered the pi-conjugation that allows charge transfer which plays vital role in the conversion efficiency of a DSSC.

Synthesis and Characterization of Unsymmetrical α,β-Conjugated Keto Derivatives and their Complexes for Dye Sensitizer Solar Cell (DSSC) Application

Structure-Property Relationship of Three 2-Chloro-4-fluoro Chalcone Derivatives: A Comprehensive Study on Linear and Non-linear Optical Properties, Structural Characterizations and Density Functional Theory

This paper summarizes the synthesis, growth and the effect of the
position of the substituent in the thienyl ring and also the properties of the
grown chalcone crystals, 2-CTP and 3-CTP. The formation of compound is
confirmed by the re- corded H1NMR spectra. A FT-IR spectrum confirms the presence of all
functional groups in both of the crystals. Single crystal XRD reports that even
though these two compounds crystallize in monoclinic crystal system, 2-CTP has
centro- symmetric P21/c space group and 3-CTP has
non-centrosymmetric space group P21. Thermal properties of grown
crys- tals analyzed by TG/DTA study explain that the 3-CTP compound is
slightly more stable than 2-CTP. The transparency of these isomers in the vis-IR
region has been studied. Second and third order nonlinear optical properties of
3-CTP and 2-CTP crystals have been investigated by powder SHG and Z-scan
technique respectively.

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R. Gandhimathi

Papers

Effect of Substituent Position on the Properties of Chalcone Isomer Single Crystals