Samples of water from two rivers (River Ona and River Alaro) in Oluyole Industrial Estate, Ibadan, Nigeria were analysed to evaluate the impact of industrial discharges on the surface water quality. The results obtained indicated that most of the parameters analysed (pH, total hardness, sulphate, chloride, nitrate and dissolved solids) were lower than the World Health Organisation (WHO) maximum permissible limit for drinking water. However, the levels of nitrate, chloride, total phosphorus, total solids and oil and grease were higher in the industrial zones than those found in the upstream of both rivers. These ranged between 3.00 – 8.55, 7.48 – 11.78, 2.14 – 3.57, 260 – 520 mg/l and 381.20 – 430.80 mg/l, respectively. Nitrate and total phosphorus which are essential nutrients for plants were the most accumulated in both rivers. The gross organic pollution indicators monitored (chemical oxygen demand and oil and grease) revealed that River Alaro was more polluted than River Ona. It was established from the results of this study that industrial discharges had negative impact on the surface water qualities of both rivers. Hence, extraction of water from both rivers for domestic and agricultural purposes requires some forms of physical and chemical treatment.

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The impact of industries on surface water quality of River Ona and River Alaro in Oluyole Industrial Estate, Ibadan, Nigeria

A comprehensive review of water quality monitoring and assessment in Nigeria.

The physico-chemical properties of river Benue water were assessed during wet and dry seasons, to ascertain the impact of human activities on the water quality. Temperature, colour, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solid (TDS), electrical conductivity, pH, hardness, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrates, phosphates and total coliforms were determined. The result of temperature was found to range between 26-32 o C during the two seasons. Colour, turbidity, TDS, SS and pH were found to be between 106.10-147(PtCo colour), 18.18-24.29 (FTU), 17.19-38.78(mgL -1 ), 12.55-49.57 (mgL -1 ), and 6.76-6.81(mgL -1 ), respectively, during the wet

Impact Assessment of Human Activities and Seasonal Variation on River Benue, within Makurdi Metropolis

Seasonal and tidal variations in nutrient concentration and water quality were investigated in the western Sundarbans of Bangladesh during the post-monsoon, winter and monsoon seasons during 2010–2011. Water collected from the surface, middle and bottom layers at six locations of the Kholpetua-Arpangashia river system during high and low tides was analyzed for temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC) and dissolved nutrients (NO3–N, PO4–P, SO4 and NH3–N). The study revealed that nutrient concentrations were influenced by seasonal changes. Mean nutrient levels during post-monsoon, winter and monsoon seasons, respectively, were in the following ranges: nitrate (0.06–0.40, 0.06–0.46 and 0.08–0.46 mg/L); phosphate (0.09–0.18, 0.05–0.42 and 0.10–0.16 mg/L); sulphate (58.71–86.14, 68.68–119.01 and 78.15–136.47 mg/L) and ammonia (0.02–0.08, 0.02–0.04 and 0.26–0.38 mg/L). Increased levels of PO4–P, SO4 and NH3–N and lower DO and salinity were recorded during the monsoon period. Most of the experimental sites showed higher NO3–N content during monsoon, whereas few elevated concentrations were observed during post-monsoon and winter periods. High and low tidal waters contained mean nutrient levels in the following ranges: nitrate (0.05–0.46 and 0.04–0.40 mg/L); phosphate (0.05–0.42 and 0.07–0.18 mg/L); sulphate (63.63–125.36 and 58.71–136.47 mg/L) and ammonia (0.02–0.38 and 0.02–0.37 mg/L) without following any distinct fluctuation patterns. The western part of the Sundarbans receives less freshwater input during the monsoon season than other areas of the ecosystem, which reduces the variability of nutrient levels and water quality components. This study provides considerable advances in understanding the seasonality of nutrient distribution with possible tidal influence. The data generated from this study will guide continuing efforts to support a sound management for coastal mangrove ecosystems.

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Nutrient dynamics in the Sundarbans mangrove estuarine system of Bangladesh under different weather and tidal cycles

Surface water has been a source of domestic water due to shortage of potable water in most rural areas. This study was carried out to evaluate the level of contamination of Mvudi River in South Africa by measuring turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, concentrations of nitrate, fluoride, chloride, and sulphate. E. coli and Enterococci were analysed using membrane filtration technique. Average pH, EC and Turbidity values were in the range of 7.2-7.7, 10.5-16.1 mS/m and 1.3-437.5 NTU, respectively. The mean concentrations of fluoride, chloride, nitrate and sulphate for both the wet and the dry seasons were 0.11 mg/L and 0.27 mg/L, 9.35 mg/L and 14.82 mg/L, 3.25 mg/L and 6.87 mg/L, 3.24 mg/L and 0.70 mg/L, respectively. E. coli and Enterococci counts for both the wet and the dry seasons were 4.81 × 103 (log = 3.68) and 5.22 × 103 (log = 3.72), 3.4 × 103 (log = 3.53) and 1.22 × 103 (log = 3.09), per 100 mL of water, respectively. The count of E. coli for both seasons did not vary significantly (p > 0.05) but Enterococci count varied significantly (p < 0.001). All the physico-chemical parameters obtained were within the recommended guidelines of the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry of South Africa and the World Health Organization for domestic and recreational water use for both seasons except turbidity and nitrates. The microbiological parameters exceeded the established guidelines. Mvudi River is contaminated with faecal organisms and should not be used for domestic purposes without proper treatment so as to mitigate the threat it poses to public health.

Temporal Variations in Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Characteristics of Mvudi River, South Africa

Seasonal variations in ecological parameters exert a profound effect on the distribution and population density of both animal and plant species (Odum, 1971) The productivity in terms of planktonic biomass in freshwater bodies is regulated by various physico-chemical factors viz, temperature, transparency, pH, total hardness, nitrates, phosphates etc A field study was conducted (October 2003 and March 2004) to develop a data-base on seasonal changes of physico-chemical parameters and nutrient load of the river sediment in Ibadan metropolis Quantitative samples of sediments were collected during dry and rainy seasons from 11 stations and analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters and nutrient load All (except dissolved oxygen) physico-chemical parameters assessed in this study were higher than the recommended standard (EPA, 2002) The nutrient load of pore water of Ibadan river system sediments during rainy and dry seasons was found in the range of: phosphate (223-162 ppm and 035-28 ppm respectively); nitrate (022 to 09 ppm and 047-33 ppm respectively); Nitrite (02-042 ppm and 003-03 ppm respectively); Total nitrogen (013-09ppm and 04734 ppm respectively) and sulphate (70-994 ppm and 266-120 ppm respectively) The levels of parameters downstream were significantly elevated than the corresponding levels upstream This result suggests that the water quality of Ibadan river system is adversely affected and impaired by the discharge of domestic, agricultural and industrial wastes, which is the usual practice in Ibadan The data generated from this study will guide potential remediation and other management decisions

Seasonal changes in physico-chemical parameters and nutrient load of river sediments in ibadan city, nigeria

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Seasonal limnological variation and nutrient load of the river system in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria

In developing countries, the four-stroke single-cylinder gasoline engine finds wide use. Motorcycles, tricycles and household machines like vegetable grinding machines are but a few of the machinery which run on this engine. Researchers have found that this engine is inefficient and consumes a lot of fuel, in light of sustainability and energy efficiency, this study aimed to perform an exergy analysis of a single-cylinder 4-stroke gasoline engine to determine how best its efficiency can be improved. Parameters such as brake thermal power, exergy efficiency, the quantity of exergy destruction and the component of the engine which is the most influential on its efficiency were determined while varying the engine’s torque. A G200K1 Honda engine was used as the study material. At the lowest tested torque of 9.4Nm, a corresponding brake power output of 2.4609kW and efficiency of 17.07% was measured, while at a higher torque 9.70Nm, a corresponding brake power output of 2.5395kW and efficiency of 17.62% was measured. It was also found that for every 1.06% rise in torque there is a corresponding 1.80% rise in brake power and exergy efficiency. It was concluded from the findings that the bulk of energy waste in the system comes from the high-temperature gas released from the engine’s exhaust. For the overall efficiency of four-stroke single-cylinder gasoline engines to be improved, the exergy destruction due to combustion should be minimised by optimizing the combustion temperature and reducing heat loss from the combustion chamber.

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R. K. Yusuf

Papers

Seasonal changes in physico-chemical parameters and nutrient load of river sediments in ibadan city, nigeria

Seasonal limnological variation and nutrient load of the river system in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria

Exergy analysis of a single-cylinder four-stroke gasoline engine