Over the last few decades, researchers have developed a number of empirical and theoretical models for the correlation and prediction of the thermophysical properties of pure fluids and mixtures treated as pseudo-pure fluids In this paper, a survey of all the state-of-the-art formulations of thermophysical properties is presented The most-accurate thermodynamic properties are obtained from multiparameter Helmholtz-energy-explicit-type formulations For the transport properties, a wider range of methods has been employed, including the extended corresponding states method All of the thermophysical property correlations described here have been implemented into CoolProp, an open-source thermophysical property library This library is written in C++, with wrappers available for the majority of programming languages and platforms of technical interest As of publication, 110 pure and pseudo-pure fluids are included in the library, as well as properties of 40 incompressible fluids and humid air The source code for the CoolProp library is included as an electronic annex

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Pure and Pseudo-pure Fluid Thermophysical Property Evaluation and the Open-Source Thermophysical Property Library CoolProp.

CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS Introduction Physical Properties Optical Properties Mechanical Properties Thermal Properties Magnetooptic Properties Electrooptic Properties Elastooptic Properties Nonlinear Optical Properties GLASSES Introduction Commercial Optical Glasses Specialty Optical Glasses Fused Silica Fluoride Glasses Chalcogenide Glasses Magnetooptic Properties Electrooptic Properties Elastooptic Properties Nonlinear Optical Properties Special Glasses POLYMERIC MATERIALS Optical Plastics Index of Refraction Nonlinear Optical Properties Thermal Properties Engineering Data METALS Physical Properties of Selected Metals Optical Properties Mechanical Properties Thermal Properties Mirror Substrate Materials LIQUIDS Introduction Water Physical Properties of Selected Liquids Index of Refraction Nonlinear Optical Properties Magnetooptic Properties Commercial Optical Liquids GASES Introduction Physical Properties of Selected Gases Index of Refraction Nonlinear Optical Properties Magnetooptic Properties Atomic Resonance Filters APPENDICES Safe Handling of Optical Materials Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Mineralogical or Common Names for Optical Materials Abbreviations for Methods of Preparing Optical Materials and Thin Films Fundamental Physical Constants Units and Conversion Factors

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Handbook of Optical Materials

A general correlation for saturated and subcooled flow boiling in tubes and annuli, based on a nucleate pool boiling equation

New formulations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity for nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and air are given. Air is treated as a pseudo-pure fluid using an approach adopted from previous research on the equation of state for air. The equations are valid over all liquid and vapor states, and a simplified cross-over equation was used to model the behavior of the critical enhancement for thermal conductivity. The extrapolation behavior of the equations for nitrogen and argon well below their triple points was monitored so that both could be used as reference equations for extended corresponding states applications. The uncertainties of calculated values from the equations are generally within 2% for nitrogen and argon and within 5% for oxygen and air, except in the critical region where the uncertainties are higher. Comparisons with the available experimental data are given.

Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity Equations for Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, and Air

LASER INSULATING CRYSTALS AND THEIR STIMULATED EMISSION Development of Crystal-Laser Physics (Short Historical Remarks) Fluorine- and Oxygen-Containing Laser Crystalline Hosts and Their Activator Ions Other Laser Crystals Stimulated-Emission Channels of Activated Insulating Laser Crystals Stimulated Emission 4fN-4fN and 4fN-15d1-4fN Channels of Ln3+ Ions Laser Channels of Ln2+ and U3+ Ions Laser Channels of Cr3+, Cr4+, Ti3+, and Mn5+ Ions Laser Channels of TM2+ Activators Crystalline Laser Hosts for Obtaining Generation of Ln3+ Activators at New Wavelengths References ENERGY LEVELS AND OPTICAL-TRANSITION INTENSITIES OF GENERATING ACTIVATORS IN INSULATING LASER CRYSTALS Stark-Level Structure of Lasing Activator Ions Basic Concepts of Modern Crystal-Field Theory Stark-Level Energies of Generating Ions in Laser Insulating Crystals (Experimental Data) References Intensity of Radiative Transitions of Ln3+ Activators in Insulating Laser Crystals Electric Dipole Transitions Judd-Ofelt Intensity Parameters Wi Magnetic Dipole Transitions Spectroscopic-Quality Parameters of Insulating Laser Crystals with Ln3+ Activators References Multiphonon 4fN-4fN Nonradiative Transitions of Ln3+ Activators in Laser Crystals Principal Mechanisms of the Modern Theory of Nonradiative Relaxation of Ln3+ Ions in Crystals Energy-Gap Law - Dependence of WJJc on DEJJc References MULTILEVEL OPERATING LASER SCHEMES FOR THE EXCITATION OF STIMULATED EMISSION IN ACTIVATED CRYSTALS Cascade Operating Schemes for Crystalline Lasers Cascade Laser Schemes for Crystals Doped with Ln3+ Activators Features of Cascade Generation of the Ln3+ Ions in Crystals Cross-Cascade Laser Schemes for Crystals Doped with Ln3+ Activators References Sensitizing, Deactivating, and Feed-Flowing Operating Schemes for Crystalline Lasers Sensitizing Laser Schemes Deactivating Laser Schemes Feed-Flowing Laser Schemes Laser Action of Unlike Ln3+ Ion-Doped Crystals References Stepwise Laser Operating Schemes for Crystals Doped with Ln3+ Activator Ions Upconversion and Stimulated Emission of Ln3+ Ions in Crystals at High-Level Energy Excitation Upconversion Operating Laser Schemes for Er3+ Ion-Doped Crystals Operating Laser Schemes with Stepwise Absorption of Pump Quanta for YAlO3 and LiYF4 Crystals Doped with Er3+ Ions References Cross-Relaxation Operating Schemes for Crystalline Lasers Cross-Relaxation Laser Operating Schemes with Quantum Efficiency Equal to 1 Cross-Relaxation Laser Operating Schemes with Quantum Efficiency Equal to 2 Cross-Relaxation Laser Operating Schemes with Quantum Efficiency Equal to 3 Three-Micron 5I6 (R)yy5I7 Laser Channel of Ho3+ Ions in the BaYb2F8 Crystal References Laser Operating Schemes with Strong Depopulation of the Ground States of Generating Ln3+ Ions Ground-State Lifting - a Way to Increase Crystalline-Laser Efficiency Laser Action of Ln3+ Ions in Insulating Crystals Under Condition of Ground-State-Level Depletion Photon-Avalanche Phenomena in Laser Crystals with Ln3+ Activators References NOVEL AND PROMISING TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PHYSICS AND TECHNIQUE OF CRYSTALLINE LASERS New Generation of Crystalline Lasers Laser Action of Crystals Doped with Ln3+ Ions under Selective Laser Pumping Miniature Crystalline Lasers with High Density of Waveguiding Laser Pumping Crystalline Lasers with Self-Frequency Conversion Solar-Pumped Crystalline Lasers References Concluding Remarks The Current State in Laser-Diode-Pumped Crystalline Laser Development (Table Data) Up-to-Date Survey of Crystalline Upconversion Lasers (Table Data) Praseodymium Crystalline Lasers for the Creation of "White" Laser Light References Appendix A: Crystalline Hosts and Lasing Ions Index

Crystalline Lasers: Physical Processes and Operating Schemes

The viscosity and the thermal conductivity of fluid nitrogen were critically evaluated and correlated on the basis of a comprehensive literature survey. Recommended values were generated in a temperature range from 70 to 1100 K and pressures up to 100 MPa using the residual concept. To retain consistency with the IUPAC Thermodynamic Tables, the same thermodynamic key data were used. Additionally, a so‐called transport equation of state was established that makes it possible to achieve a unified representation of the viscosity and thermal conductivity in terms of pressure and temperature.

Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity of Nitrogen for a Wide Range of Fluid States

New equations for the thermal conductivity and the viscosity of R134a that are valid in a wide range of pressures and temperatures are presented. They were obtained through a theoretically based, critical evaluation of the available experimental data, which showed considerable inconsistencies between data sets, in particular in the vapor phase. In the critical region the observed enhancement in the thermal conductivity is well represented by a crossover model for the transport properties of fluids. Since thermodynamic properties enter into the calculation of the critical enhancement of the transport properties, a new fundamental equation for the critical region was developed also.

Transport properties of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a)

Supplementing the recently completed IUPAC tables for the thermodynamic properties of oxygen, this paper presents a data evaluation of the transport properties, viscosity, and thermal conductivity. From a comprehensive literature survey the available data have been complied, and their quality was assessed. Selected measurements were correlated to generate skeleton tables of the most reliable data along the vapor‐liquid coexistence curve and for the fluid region at pressures from 0.1 to 100 MPa and at temperatures from 70 to 1400 K. The set of correlations which was developed includes residual concept formulations as well as transport equations of state. These allow the direct calculation of viscosities and thermal conductivities from pressure and temperature as input variables. The simplified crossover model was employed to represent the enhancement of the thermal conductivity in the critical region.

Transport Properties of Fluid Oxygen

Based on reliable. carefully selected data sets. equations for the thermal conductivity and the viscosity of the refrigerant R 112a are presented. They are valid at temperatures from 240 to 440 K, pressures up to 20 MPa. and densities up to 1050 kg · m−3. including the critical region.

Transport properties of 1,1-difluoroethane (R152a)

A bibliographic compilation is given on thermophysical properties of the environmentally acceptable hydrofluorocarbon blends R404A, R407C, and R410A. These refrigerant blends are still under investigation and meant to replace the transitional hydrochlorofluorocarbon R22 and the azeotrope R502. In a second part reliable formulations to calculate thermophysical-property surfaces of some selected well investigated fluids used in refrigeration are recommended. The fluids water, air, carbon dioxide, ammonia, R134a, R123, and R152a are subjects of that part.

R. Krauss

Papers

Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity of Nitrogen for a Wide Range of Fluid States

Transport properties of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a)

Transport Properties of Fluid Oxygen

Transport properties of 1,1-difluoroethane (R152a)

Literature Survey on Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants