RF-magnetron sputter deposited hydroxyapatite-based composite & multilayer coatings: A systematic review from mechanical, corrosion, and biological points of view

Influence of Ag content on the antibacterial properties of SiC doped hydroxyapatite coatings

Urinary tract infections (UTI) represent the most common bacterial infections among patients visiting outpatient clinics of healthcare centers in Nepal. However, treatment of such infections is compounded by emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant uropathogens associated with extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs). In this study, we aimed to investigate the burden of antimicrobial resistance and occurrence of ESBL genes among clinical isolates of uropathogenic Escherichia coli at a tertiary care teaching hospital of Nepal. During the study period, we processed a total of 1,626 urinary tract specimens, isolated significant bacterial pathogens, and investigated their antimicrobial susceptibilities. Escherichia coli (n = 154), the predominant pathogen associated with UTI, was further investigated for the existence of ESBL enzymes by using conventional phenotypic as well as molecular approaches. Among suspected cases of UTI, we found that 15.2% were having UTI and female patients of the reproductive age group were more affected ( ). Escherichia coli (154, 62.1%) was the key uropathogen, and majority (∼64.9%) of them were multidrug resistant (MDR). Among MDR E. coli isolates, 40.3% were producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs). bla-TEM (83.8%), bla-CTX-M (66.1%), and bla-SHV (4.8%) were common ESBL genotypes. Nitrofurantoin, gentamycin, and imipenem were the most effective antibiotics for ESBL-producing Escherichia coli isolates. It indicates that the high rates of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli are frequent causes of UTI in our hospital. Nitrofurantoin and aminoglycosides are the most useful first-line drugs to be used in the cases of UTI. We recommend the regular investigation of drug resistance among all isolates and develop a useful antibiotic prescription policy in our country.

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Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) Genotypes among Multidrug-Resistant Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Clinical Isolates from a Teaching Hospital of Nepal.

Background: Studies have shown an increased prevalence of positive urine culture (PUC) in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD); no information is available in dogs. Objectives: To document the PUC frequency in a cohort of dogs with CKD, determine risk factors for PUC, and identify associations between clinicopathologic data and PUC. Animals: Two hundred one client‐owned dogs with CKD. Methods: Retrospective, observational study. Dogs recruited from 2 veterinary teaching hospitals were included if they were diagnosed with CKD and had a culture performed on urine collected by cystocentesis. The PUC frequency was calculated, multivariate analysis was performed to identify risk factors, and associations with clinicopathologic data were investigated. Results: Sixty‐five dogs (32%) with CKD had PUC, including 8 (28%) in International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) stage 1; only 8% showed signs of a urinary tract infection. Escherichia coli was the most common isolate (67%). A PUC was more likely in females (odds ratio [OR], 3.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.67‐6.37; P < .001) than males and in dogs with isosthenuria (OR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.24‐5.03; P = .01) than in dogs with urine‐specific gravity 1.013‐1.024. A positive leukocyte esterase test and microorganisms found by urine sediment analysis were significantly associated with PUC (both P < .001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Dogs with CKD, even IRIS stage 1, have a high frequency of PUC and most cases are asymptomatic. A urine culture could be considered in the routine evaluation of dogs with CKD, but the clinical relevance of a PUC remains unknown and needs further evaluation.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jvim.15434

Frequency of bacteriuria in dogs with chronic kidney disease: A retrospective study of 201 cases

Background: Asymptomatic and mild nature of urinary tract infections (UTIs) make them underrated, overlooked but dangerous, because they are prelude to most renal diseases. Like asymptomatic UTIs, some renal diseases are symptomless until they have reached advanced stage, making their victims easily vulnerable to complications before actual diagnosis of renal disease may be made. This study was aimed at surveying the environmental factors responsible for the renal disease burden of Nigeria with a particular focus on the contributions of UTIs. Method: Urine samples from renal disease patients of the University of Nigeria teaching hospital (UNTH), Enugu, Nigeria were analyzed for bacteriuria using standard microbiological procedures. Results: An overall incidence of 28% bacteriuria was obtained, based on the criterion of significant bacteriuria (> 10 5 colonies/ml). While fungal yeasts, Candida albicans contributed 30%, various bacterial species jointly accounted for 70% of the entire microbial agents responsible for UTIs among the subjects. Subsequent Gram's, microscopy and biochemical characterization tests revealed seven bacterial species viz Escherichia coli (29%), Klebsiella spp (22%), Proteus mirabilis (14%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7%), Streptococcus faecalis (7%), Staphylococcus aureus (7%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (14%). Gender distribution of the isolates showed that S. aureus was isolated from the males while E. coli, Proteus mirabilis, Streptococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the females; Klebsiella spp was isolated from the males (33%) and females (67%) respectively, while S. epidermidis was isolated equally (50%) from both sexes. Adoption of leucocytes' presence in urine as part of diagnostic criteria revealed significant bacteriuria with significant pyuria (21%), significant pyuria without significant bacteriuria (52%), and significant bacteriuria without significant pyuria (7%), no significant bacteriuria without significant pyuria (20%). Also, urinalyses gave proteinuria (84%), haematuria (45%) and glycosuria (6%). Conclusions: The study revealed an overall incidence of 28% bacteriuria. Though UTIs by sundry bacterial organisms and fungal yeast cells, Candida albicans made reckonable contributions to the renal disease load of UNTH, Enugu, additional evidence from urinalyses revealing proteinuria, glycosuria and haematuria, etc., suggest that apart from the UTIs, diabetes mellitus and/or urinary schistosomiasis (possibly accounting for the haematuria) are part of the diseases complex defined by yet-to-be identified factors (possibly including chemical entities) in our environment that determine the burden and patterns of renal diseases profile of Nigeria. Further search is thus warranted.

Environmental Factors in Renal Disease: The Contribution of Urinary Tract Infections in Nigerian Renal Disease Burden-Research and Minireview

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the commonest bacterial infection occurring in renal disorder patients and is associated with significant morbidity. Resistance to antibiotics is highly prevalent in bacterial isolates and is an emerging problem in UTI. A hospital based cross sectional study was conducted from April 2011 to September 2011 to determine the frequency and bacterial profile of urinary tract infections in the patients with renal disorders visiting KIST Hospital along with their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Urine samples were collected from 300 clinically-suspected cases of UTI among renal disorder patients and investigated by conventional semi-quantitative culture technique, microscopy and antibiotic susceptibility test. Significant bacteriuria were detected in 34% of the total subjects, mostly from patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Incidence of bacteriuria was found higher in females (40.40%) than in males (27.52%) and mostly occurred in elderly patients. Escherichia coli (62.75%) was the predominant isolate followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (10.78%), Staphylococcus aureus (9.80%), Coagulase negative Staphylococcus aureus (CoNS) (5.88%), Enterococcus spp (3.92%), Klebsiella oxytoca (2.00%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.00%), Proteus mirabilis (2.00%) and Proteus vulgaris (1.00%). Multidrug resistance was observed in 68.82% of the total bacterial isolates.

R Shakya

Papers

Spectrum of bacterial pathogens and their antibiogram from cases of urinary tract infection among renal disorder patients.