Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the recent innovations in Information Technology, which intends to interconnect the physical and digital worlds. It introduces a vision of smartness by enabling communication between objects and humans through the Internet. IoT has diverse applications in almost all sectors like Smart Health, Smart Transportation, and Smart Cities, etc. In healthcare applications, IoT eases communication between doctors and patients as the latter can be diagnosed remotely in emergency scenarios through body sensor networks and wearable sensors. However, using IoT in healthcare systems can lead to violation of the privacy of patients. Thus, security should be taken into consideration. Blockchain is one of the trending research topics nowadays and can be applied to the majority of IoT scenarios. Few major reasons for using the Blockchain in healthcare systems are its prominent features, i.e., Decentralization, Immutability, Security and Privacy, and Transparency. This paper’s main objective was to enhance the functionality of healthcare systems using emerging and innovative computer technologies like IoT and Blockchain. So, initially, a brief introduction to the basic concepts of IoT and Blockchain is provided. After this, the applicability of IoT and Blockchain in the medical sector is explored in three major areas—drug traceability, remote patient-monitoring, and medical record management. At last, the challenges of deploying IoT and Blockchain in healthcare systems are discussed.

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Application of Blockchain and Internet of Things in Healthcare and Medical Sector: Applications, Challenges, and Future Perspectives

Renewable energy microgeneration is rising leading to creation of prosumer communities making it possible to extract value from surplus energy and usage flexibility. Such a peer-to-peer energy trading community requires a decentralized, immutable and access-controlled transaction system for tokenized energy assets. In this study we present a unified blockchain-based system for energy asset transactions among prosumers, electric vehicles, power companies and storage providers. Two versions of the system were implemented on Hyperledger Fabric. Assets encapsulating an identifier or unique information along with value are modelled as non-fungible tokens (NFT), while those representing value only are modelled as fungible tokens (FT). We developed the associated algorithms for token lifecycle management, analyzed their complexities and encoded them in smart contracts for performance testing. The results show that performance of both implementations are comparable for most major operations. Further, we presented a detailed comparison of FT and NFT implementations based on use-case, design, performance, advantages and disadvantages. Our implementation achieved a throughput of 448.3 transactions per second for the slowest operation (transfer) with a reasonably low infrastructure.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/11/3822/pdf

Blockchain Based Transaction System with Fungible and Non-Fungible Tokens for a Community-Based Energy Infrastructure.

A cloud-based repository is the most popular option for individuals and businesses to share data digitally. To move and store the data, conventional cloud hosting has come to rely on big storage providers functioning as reliable intermediaries. Although cloud providers offer robust security measures, rising usage and demand have made these centralized platforms prime targets for security breaches and hackers. This research study proposes a blockchain-based public key cryptosystem data protection scheme to address the problem. All of the data is automatically encrypted using the homomorphic technique. The ciphertext index Ci is created via a public key accessible crypto technique and set aside in the blockchain. At the same time, confidential information is protected and published in a cloud storage server. A reliable verification cloud server is used to access and manage data across users. The blockchain automatically syncs data transactions, which is more equitable to protect the confidentiality and integrity of the shared data process. In the case of numerous users, the integration of distributed ledger technology and a dedicated cloud verification server makes it easier to implement a fair and reliable access control system. Finally, the authentication process and performance evaluation demonstrate the schemes ensure the efficiency.

Trustworthy Cloud Storage Data Protection based on Blockchain Technology

Cloud computing is a continuously evolving technology that can enhance agility, availability, collaboration and scalability of data. Blockchain has a secure, immutable ledger which maintains all the transactions along with the timestamp. The blockchain framework and cloud computing technology jointly provides different ways of computational cost reduction. The existing methods help to identify the anonymous documents which are given in the form of requests from the cloud server. If the anonymized document requests are from the authorized users, then cloud provides better security and hence documents are not available for unauthorized users. But the main issue is access rights available for authorized users on sensitive data of the owner. To maintain the privacy the sensitive data are hidden using cryptographic techniques even for authorized users. The method adopted is Linear Elliptical Curve Digital Signature (LECDS) with Hyperledger blockchain, to prevent private data loss. The Linear regression method is used to classify the user information into two classes namely sensitive and non-sensitive. The non-sensitive data is encrypted using RSA and sensitive data is encrypted using LECC method. Modified Spider optimization search Algorithm (MSOA) is used to verify the integrity of outsourced data and search user query information in a cloud server. The hyper ledger blockchain verifies the user policy to create a private network through which the user communicates the cloud. In the analysis of the proposed method, the results are evaluated using various performance metrics such as security, throughput, classification accuracy and error rate.

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Linear Elliptical Curve Digital Signature (LECDS) With Blockchain Approach for Enhanced Security on Cloud Server

Securing Data in an Internet of Things Network Using Blockchain Technology: Smart Home Case

With the development of the Industrial Internet of Things and the continuous expansion of application scenarios, many development bottlenecks have followed. Its data security issue has become an obstacle to its widespread application. It has attracted substantial attention from both academia and industry. Blockchain technology has the characteristics of decentralization, openness and transparency and non-tampering. It has natural advantages in solving the security of the Industrial Internet of Things. Accordingly, this paper first analyzes the security risks associated with data storage in the Industrial Internet of Things and proposes the use of blockchain technology to ensure the secure storage of data in the Industrial Internet of Things. In traditional blockchains, the data layer uses Merkle hash trees to store data; however, the Merkle hash tree not able to provide non-member proof, which makes it unable to resist attacks from malicious nodes in the network. To solve this problem, this paper replaces the Merkle hash tree with a password accumulator to provide member proof and non-member proof. Moreover, the existing accumulators have trapdoors and cannot be updated in batches, and unable to meet the blockchain’s expansion requirements. This paper presents an improved RSA accumulator and gives the definition of the accumulator. Finally, this paper uses RSA to construct a batch update accumulator scheme without trapdoor, and shows that the scheme is feasible through correctness and security

https://www.techscience.com/iasc/v26n5/40832/pdf

R Simon Sherratt

Papers

Blockchain-based data storage mechanism for industrial Internet of things