depend on ratios of activity in neurons with different but overlapping tuning. Whenever the perceptual represenThe binding problem, or constellation of problems, con- tations of simultaneously present objects depend on cerns our capacity to integrate information across time, distributed patterns of firing in populations of cells, the space, attributes, and ideas. The goal of research in this risk of superposition ambiguities within the same neural area is to understand how we can respond to relations network will arise, creating a need to identify and to within relevant subsets of the world but not to relations signal which units belong to the same representation. between arbitrarily selected parts or properties. Lan- For any case of binding, the binding problem can guage comprehension and thinking critically depend on actually be dissected into three separable problems. correct binding of syntactic and semantic structures. Different theories have focused primarily on one of the

https://www.cell.com/neuron/pdf/S0896-6273(00)80826-0.pdf

Solutions to the Binding Problem: Review Progress through Controversy Summary and Convergence

Which factors help authors produce the highest impact research? Collaboration, journal and document properties

The use of bibliographic citation is a crucial aspect in the creation and dissemination of information. Numerous studies have been done ranging from simple citation counts to more complex bibliographic coupling studies, and from citation classifications to citation motivation studies. This review focusses on the citation studies that have explored the complexities and the underlying norms of the citation process. The major emphasis is placed upon the studies which have dealt with citation functions, citation quality, citation concepts and citation motivation. The international perspectives of citation practice are also discussed.

Progress in documentation the complexities of citation practice: a review of citation studies

Bibliometrics, informetrics, scientometrics and librametrics are four measuring techniques in libary and information science. These are analogous, or rather synonymous, terms with intermingled aims and objectives and as such they need some elucidation. This paper discusses their scope, application, development and potential in solving various problems pertaining to library and inforamtion sciences

Bibliometrics, Informetrics, Scientometrics and Librametrics: An Overview

International collaborative papers are increasingly common in journals of many disciplines. These types of papers are often cited more frequently. To identify the coauthorship trends within Library and Information Science (LIS), this study analyzed 7,489 papers published in six leading publications (ARIST, IP&M, JAMIA, JASIST, MISQ, and Scientometrics) over the last three decades. Logistic regression tested the relationships between citations received and seven factors: authorship type, author's subregion, country income level, publication year, number of authors, document type, and journal title. The main authorship type since 1995 was national collaboration. It was also the dominant type for all publications studied except ARIST, and for all regions except Africa. For citation counts, the logistic regression analysis found all seven factors were significant. Papers that included international collaboration, Northern European authors, and authors in high-income nations had higher odds of being cited more. Papers from East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Southern Europe had lower odds than North American papers. As discussed in the bibliometric literature, Merton's Matthew Effect sheds light on the differential citation counts based on the authors' subregion. This researcher proposes geographies of invisible colleagues and a geographic scope effect to further investigate the relationships between author geographic affiliation and citation impact. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

International coauthorship and citation impact: A bibliometric study of six LIS journals, 1980–2008

The characteristics of library and information science litera ture were investigated by sampling issues of LISA, ISA, RZI. BS and CCA for the year 1983. Single author documents predominate with 69% of the total. English (71%) and Journals (71%) are the dominant language and format.Currency has detenorated since earlier studies but literature coverage has increased. 1391 distinet journal titles were identi fied in the coverage of LISA, ISA, RZI and BS, but the overlap is very low with only 39 titles common to all four services. Most of the literature originated from North America (38%) and Western Europe (34%).1545 journals were identified from Ulrich's Guides. The number of these 'surviving' journals exhibited exponential growth for the past 150 years. From this and other data the corpus of knowledge of library and information science is estimated as 5 x 105 documents.

Library and information science literature: authorship and growth patterns:

The readability of scientific papers has decreased dramati cally in the past 100 years, but now appears to have bottomed out at the ' very difficult' level. Volume and price inflationary pressures on publishers have probably been responsible for other changes in journal characteristics between 1900 and 1970 such as increased printing density and number of words and characters per journal per year.

Changes in the communication of chemical information I: Some effects of growth:

The number of publications produced by Professors and by Readers plus Senior Lecturers in the UK is compared with Professors and Associate Professors in the USA for the period of 1980-1991. No significant difference was found between the overall samples, though the UK Readers/SLs produced significantly more than the American Associate Professors. British chemists publish in a wider range of journals than the Americans, 72% of whose publications are in American journals.

The productivity of the British sample is also compared with Nigerian chemists. The Nigerians' productivity was about a sixth of the British sample. Some evidence was found that adverse political and economic conditions had affected the Nigerians' productivity in the period 1980-1991.

The productivity of British, American and Nigerian chemists compared

Biochemical periodical literature is investigated in the light of its ageing phenomena as reflected by the citations in Cell in 1983. The citation frequency distribution followed a negative exponential distribution for 1972-1982, with the median cita tion age of 3 years. The relationship between ageing and content typologies of the literature was tested, the median citation ages of different typologies were uneven, with the differences of nearly 7 years, indicating that content typologies were an important factor affecting the ageing phenomena of the literature.

A bibliometric study on the ageing and content typology relationship of the biochemical literature

L'article debute par le tableau retrospectif general de l'enseignement des sciences de l'information en Grande-Bretagne (etablissements, types de diplomes et nombre de diplomes) soulignant la contribution particuliere de l'Universite de Londres ou TCU (2/3 des diplomes sur environ 1300). L'un des criteres permettant de differencier bibliothecaires et specialistes de l'information est le pourcentage important d'information sur support non-papier traite par ces derniers (jusqu'a 100% pour un emploi recourant massivement aux technologies de l'information). Le nouveau diplome sur 3 ans a mi-temps (Master of sciences en systemes et technologies de l'information) de la TCU qui repond a cette tendance en servant de passerelle entre les cursus de sciences de l'information (IS) et de technologies de l'information (IT) est «ensuite detaille». (INTD)

R.T. Bottle

Papers

Library and information science literature: authorship and growth patterns:

Changes in the communication of chemical information I: Some effects of growth:

The productivity of British, American and Nigerian chemists compared

A bibliometric study on the ageing and content typology relationship of the biochemical literature

Education for IS or IT. Is there a difference