Despite its various benefits, the Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) has a number of obstacles due to its mobility, unstable topology, energy efficiency, and other factors. In such an environment, routing protocols are required to transfer packets from source to destination. Due to the limited range of each mobile node's wireless broadcasts, some mobile nodes can operate as intermediary nodes to forward a packet to its destination. In MANET, the multipath routing technique is used to decrease the routing overhead. It can be accomplished by minimizing network traffic. This paper aims to reduce the routing overhead to improve the effectiveness of broadcasting messages successfully. The Position-based Opportunistic Routing protocol is used to identify the optimal routing path in the network. The opportunistic routing system is mostly employed in MANET data transmission to reduce overhead. This paper presented a hybrid routing algorithm with the combination of Emperor Penguin Optimization (EPO) and the Bald Eagle Search (BES) algorithm (EPO–BES) for finding the best-forwarded path to moderate the routing overhead problem in MANET. NS2 platform is utilized to perform the routing operation and compared with existing techniques such as NKR, PSO-GA, PSO-BLAP, QUACS, and SGC-MO. The proposed method has obtained higher PDR, path optimality, end-to-end delay, throughput, routing overhead, load balancing, and energy consumption than other approaches.

Opportunistic Routing Protocol Based EPO–BES in MANET for Optimal Path Selection

Security is a fundamental prerequisite in self‐evolvability network and providing that in any situation is the most problematic task as the network is highly dynamic with no trusted centralized monitoring. On comparing with wired networks MANETs are highly susceptible to security attacks. This article proposed an efficient trust establishment‐based routing evidence scheme (ETERE) that carried out in the creation and manipulation of mental representations of information identified. Here, propose I‐Trust, probabilistic node misbehavior detection, for secure MANET routing toward ETERE scheme. The fundamental concept of I‐Trust is presenting a periodically accessible trusted authority to pass judgment on the behavior of a node dependent on the gathered routing evidences and with self and coordinate monitoring. The main advantage of ETERE scheme is that even if the hackers or the internal attackers have the knowledge of the security scheme, the system cannot be compromised. The performance of ETERE scheme with different routing disturbance attacks is evaluated in this article. The computational outcomes emphasize the effectiveness of ETERE scheme and ensure the routing efficiency. The NS2 simulator is used in this research work. The simulation results show that the proposed ETERE scheme performs better than present methodologies improving the PDR and throughput of the network to a maximum extent of 28% and 34% respectively.

Improving routing disruption attack detection in MANETs using efficient trust establishment

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) involves a group of wireless mobile nodes which create an impermanent network with no central authority and infrastructure. The nodes in the MANET are highly mobile and it results in adequate network topology, link loss, and increase the re-initialization of the route discovery process. Route planning in MANET is a multi-hop communication process due to the restricted transmission range of the nodes. Location aided routing (LAR) is one of the effective routing protocols in MANET which suffers from the issue of high energy consumption. Though few research works have focused on resolving energy consumption problem in LAR, energy efficiency still remains a major design issue. In this aspect, this study introduces an energy aware metaheuristic optimization with LAR (EAMO-LAR) protocol for MANETs. The EAMO-LAR protocol makes use of manta ray foraging optimization algorithm (MRFO) to help the searching process for the individual solution to be passed to the LAR protocol. The fitness value of the created solutions is determined next to pass the solutions to the objective function. The MRFO algorithm is incorporated into the LAR protocol in the EAMO-LAR protocol to reduce the desired energy utilization. To ensure the improved routing efficiency of the proposed EAMO-LAR protocol, a series of simulations take place. The resultant experimental values pointed out the supreme outcome of the EAMO-LAR protocol over the recently compared methods. The resultant values demonstrated that the EAMO-LAR protocol has accomplished effectual results over the other existing techniques. 

Energy Aware Metaheuristic Optimization with Location Aided Routing Protocol for MANET

The virtual machine placement for the highly reliable cloud application is considered as one of the challenging and critical issues. To tackle such an issue, this article proposes the enhanced firefly algorithm based virtual machine placement model. But the migration time of the virtual machine placement is high and to reduce the migration time of the virtual machine placement, this article utilizes the K‐means clustering algorithm. In addition, to obtain the optimal cluster for the virtual machine placement, the adaptive particle swarm optimization with the coyote optimization algorithm is employed. The experimental results are conducted for the proposed approach using various measures such as transmission overhead, total execution time, packet size, parallel applications numbers, and virtual machine numbers. The results demonstrate that the proposed method offers improved performance and an optimal virtual machine placement scheme with respect to the various constraint factors. The evaluation exposes that the proposed method offers less execution time when compared to other methods.

An efficient fault tolerance scheme based enhanced firefly optimization for virtual machine placement in cloud computing

Adaptive trust-based secure and optimal route selection algorithm for MANET using hybrid fuzzy optimization

In the mobile ad hoc network (MANET), the optimal route recognition is considered to be the major issue in the multipath routing technique. Selecting a multipath is also considered as one of the challenging tasks to enhance the network lifetime. The routing protocol imagines several parameters such as enlarged power, link failures, obstacles, and topological changes during the exploration of the optimal route. In this, the optimal loop-free route is established by Equilibrium optimizer (EO) with fuzzy logic and this assures developing continuity. In the proposed algorithm, five phases are elucidated; route exploration, route maintenance, route recovery, reactive path setup and multipath routing setup phase. Initially, in the route exploration phase the equilibrium optimizer algorithm with fuzzy logic is used to establish the optimal routing for the packet transmission. For the appropriate node selection for routing, levy flight distribution mechanism is used in this paper. In the route maintenance phase, compute the status of the node prior to the data transmission. In the route recovery phase or the backward process, the backward reply from the destination is created. In the fourth phase, reactive path setup process is utilized. Finally in the multipath process, the multipath setup process is utilized for the header by the intermediate node. The proposed approach is evaluated by some of the performance measures such as throughput, energy consumption, end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, routing overhead and optimal path. This results describes that the proposed approach outperforms other existing approaches.

LF Distribution and Equilibrium Optimizer Based Fuzzy Logic for Multipath Routing in MANET

Recently, routing is considered the main problem in MANET due to its dynamic nature. The route discovery and the optimal route selection from the multiple routes are established for the efficient routing in MANET. The major objective of this research is to select the optimal route for packet transmission in MANET. In this paper, four stages namely trust evaluation, route discovery, optmal route selection and route maintanance are elucidated. Initially, the trust evaluation is made by using ANFIS where the primary trust values are evaluated. The next stage is the route discovery scheme, in which the routes are established by Group teaching optimization algorithm (GTA). From the route discovery scheme, multiple routes are found. The optimal route for the transmission is selected with the help of the Adaptive equilibrium optimizer (AO) algorithm. Finally, the route maintenance process is established; if any of the routes fails for the broadcast it immediately selects the alternate optimal route from the multi-zone routing table for efficient packet transmission. The proposed approach is evaluated by various performance measures like throughput, energy consumption, packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, packet loss rate, detection rate, and routing overhead. This result describes that the proposed approach outperforms other state-of-art approaches.

R. Umamaheswari

Papers

LF Distribution and Equilibrium Optimizer Based Fuzzy Logic for Multipath Routing in MANET

Optimal route maintenance based on adaptive equilibrium optimization and GTA based route discovery model in MANET