자연주의적 탐구조사(Naturalistic Inquiry)

Attachment--and loss.

Erik Eriksen is a remarkable individual. He has no college degrees yet is Professor of Human Development at Harvard University. He came to psychology via art, which explains why the reader will find him painting contexts and backgrounds rather than stating dull facts and concepts. He has been a training psychoanalyst for many years as well as a perceptive observer of cultural and social settings and their effect on growing up. This is not just a book on childhood. It is a panorama of our society. Anxiety in young children, apathy in American Indians, confusion in veterans of war, and arrogance in young Nazis are scrutinized under the psychoanalytic magnifying glass. The material is well written and devoid of technical jargon. The theme of the volume is that it is human to have a long childhood which will leave a lifelong residue of emotional immaturity in man. Primitive groups and

Childhood and Society.

The culture of education

The Wretched of the Earth

The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology, personal resources, and posttraumatic growth (PTG) in Holocaust child survivors. Ninety-seven nonclinical Holocaust child survivors who were born after 1930 were administered self-report questionnaires with regard to PTG, psychological distress, potency, and perceived social support. Results indicated that arousal, a PTSD category, and PTG coexist. Personal resources were negatively correlated with PTSD symptomatology, and only social support from friends contributed positively to PTG.

Posttraumatic growth among holocaust child survivors

The present study assessed posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, psychological distress, and subjective quality of life (QoL) in a group of 43 child Holocaust survivors and a community sample of 44 persons who had not personally experienced the Holocaust The participants were administered the PTSD-Scale, the SCL-90, and the WHOQOL-Bref Results showed that the child survivors had higher PTSD symptom scores, higher depression, anxiety, somatization, and anger–hostility scores; and lower physical, psychological, and social QoL than did the comparison group The findings suggest that the psychological consequences of being a child during the Holocaust can be long lasting

Time does not heal all wounds: Quality of life and psychological distress of people who survived the Holocaust as children 55 years later

This study aimed to assess post-traumatic stress symptoms and vicarious traumatization (VT) versus post-traumatic growth (PTG) among Israeli practitioners who shared war-related reality with their clients during the Second Lebanon-Israel war (2006). In addition, the contribution of potency (one's personal resource) and the role of peri-traumatic dissociation (the emotional detachment activated during or immediately after a traumatic event) were examined. Two months after the war, a convenience sample of 204 practitioners (seventy-six nurses and 128 social workers), all residents and employees in the Haifa area, were administered a self-report questionnaire. Findings showed that nurses had higher post-traumatic growth (PTG) compared with social workers. Personal resource (potency) was found to contribute to the reduction of vicarious traumatization (VT), whereas peri-traumatic dissociation was found to contribute to both PTG and VT in the group of social workers.

Growth in the Shadow of War: The Case of Social Workers and Nurses Working in a Shared War Reality

Childhood sexual abuse as a predictor of birth-related posttraumatic stress and postpartum posttraumatic stress.

In this study, we examined the issue of secondary traumatic stress (STS) among spouses of Holocaust survivors who were children during the World War II. STS is defined as comprising the same components as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), except that the person evidencing the symptoms has not actually been exposed to the traumatic event(s), but has developed them as a result of caring for someone with PTSD. Participants were 90 couples who completed self-report questionnaires regarding posttraumatic symptoms, psychological distress, and marital quality. The results showed that about one-third of the spouses suffered from some degree of STS symptoms. Secondary traumatic stress symptoms and psychological distress among spouses were significantly related to hostility, anger, paranoia, and interpersonal sensitivity in the survivor, but unrelated to whether the survivor had shared his/her reminiscences with the spouse. Female spouses were found to suffer more distress than male spouses, especially when their partner suffered high levels of PTSD. The results suggest that STS is, to a large degree, related to the demands of living with a symptomatic survivor, possibly more than to the empathic element thought to be central to this syndrome.

Rachel Lev-Wiesel

Papers

Posttraumatic growth among holocaust child survivors

Time does not heal all wounds: Quality of life and psychological distress of people who survived the Holocaust as children 55 years later

Growth in the Shadow of War: The Case of Social Workers and Nurses Working in a Shared War Reality

Childhood sexual abuse as a predictor of birth-related posttraumatic stress and postpartum posttraumatic stress.

Secondary Traumatic Stress, Psychological Distress, Sharing of Traumatic Reminisces, and Marital Quality among Spouses of Holocaust Child Survivors.