B6nassy, C., 1955. R6marques sur deux Aphelinid6s: Aphelinus mytilaspidis Le Baron et Aphytis proclia Walker. Annls l~piphyt. 6: 11-17. Lord, F. T. & MacPhee, A. W., 1953. The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia II. Oyster shell scale. Can. Ent. 79: 196-209. Pickett, A. D., 1946. A progress report on long term spray programs. Rep. Nova Scotia Fruit Grow. Ass. 83 : 27-31. Pickett, A. D., 1967. The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia XIV. Can. Ent. 97: 816-821. Tothill, J. D., 1918. The predacious mite Hemisarcoptes malus Shimer and its relation to the natural control of the oyster shell scale Lepidosaphes ulmi L. Agric. Gaz. Can. 5 : 234-239.

http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF01976688.pdf

Soil enzymes: Kuprevich, V. F. & Shcherbakova, T. A.: Translated from the Russian edition (1966), published by the Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre, New Delhi 1971. 392 pp., offset printing from type script, paper cover. Obtainable from U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va. 22151

Resumen en: The aim of this study was a survey of the estimated costs of soil erosion, an issue of fundamental importance in view of the current worldwide discussion...

http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/1802/Resumenes/Abstract_180218547001_2.pdf

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo

The ultimate source of water for plants is precipitation; rain falling upon soil penetrates it at a rate depending upon the physical properties of that particular soil; snow and hail do the same after melting. If the rate of rainfall or the rate of production of water by melting exceeds the infiltration rate, then surface runoff occurs and the excess water drains into streams and eventually reaches the sea. That water which penetrates the soil replenishes the soil reservoir and when this is filled to capacity (see chapter 3) the surplus drains through into the aquifers. These are strata such as sand or chalk which can hold substantial quantities of recoverable water. Water held in the soil reservoir is drawn into plant roots and up their stems to be evaporated from the leaves back into the atmosphere, where it rejoins water evaporated from the sea, lakes and rivers and from the surface of wet soil. This so-called hydrological cycle (figure 1.2) depends for its continuance upon energy derived from the sun’s radiation and as will be shown in later chapters its rate is governed largely by meteorological factors.

The Water Balance

Excellent book is always being the best friend for spending little time in your office, night time, bus, and everywhere. It will be a good way to just look, open, and read the book while in that time. As known, experience and skill don't always come with the much money to acquire them. Reading this book with the PDF physiological plant ecology ecophysiology and stress physiology of function groups will let you know more things.

Physiological Plant Ecology Ecophysiology And Stress Physiology Of Functional Groups

The essentiality of B for growth and development of plants is well-known, but the primary functions of B still remain unknown. Evidence in the literature supports the idea that the major functions of B in growth and development of plants are based on its ability to form complexes with the compounds having cis-diol configurations. In this regard, the formation of B complexes with the constituents of cell walls and plasma membranes as well as with the phenolic compounds seems to be a decisive step affecting the physiological functions of B. Boron seems to be of crucial importance for the maintenance of structural integrity of plasma membranes. This function of B is mainly related to stabilisation of cell membranes by B association with membrane constituents. Possibly, B may also protect plasma membranes against peroxidative damage by toxic O2 species. In B-deficient plants, plasma membranes are highly leaky and lose their functional integrity. Under B-deficient conditions, substantial changes in ion fluxes and proton pumping activity of the plasma membranes were noted. Impairments in phenol metabolism and increases in levels of phenolics and polyphenoloxidase activity are typical indications of B deficiency, particularly in B deficiency-sensitive plant species, such as Helianthus annuus (sunflower). Enhanced oxidation of phenols is responsible for generation of reactive quinones which subsequently produce extremely toxic O2 species, thus resulting in the increased risk of a peroxidative damage to vital cell components such as membrane lipids and proteins. In B-deficient tissues, enhancement in levels of toxic O2 species may also occur as a result of impairments in photosynthesis and antioxidative defence systems. Recent evidence shows that the levels of ascorbic acid, non-protein SH-compounds (mainly glutathione) and glutathione reductase, the major defence systems of cells against toxic O2 species, are reduced in response to B deficiency. There is also increasing evidence that, in the heterocyst cells of cyanobacteria, B is involved in protection of nitrogenase activity against O2 damage.

Boron deficiency-induced impairments of cellular functions in plants: a review

Urease Inhibitor NBPT on Ammonia Volatilization and Crop Productivity: A Meta-Analysis

Agronomic efficiency of NBPT as a urease inhibitor: A review.

Nitrogen in sugarcane derived from fertilizer under Brazilian field conditions

Although mechanized harvesting of sugarcane can benefit the soil–environment system, successive harvests can compromise the physical soil quality. Information on the growth and distribution of the sugarcane root system and its relationship with physical soil properties are scarce in the literature. The objective of this study was to analyze the relationships between the spatial distribution of physical soil properties and sugarcane root density in a mechanically harvested area. The study was carried out in Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil in a Typic Kandiudox and with the SP81 3250 cultivar. Sugarcane plots were established in April 2005, and samples were taken from four trenches in July 2008 after three successive harvests. In each trench, 15 undisturbed soil samples were collected to evaluate bulk density ( Ds ), penetration resistance ( Pr ), total porosity ( Tp ) and moisture at field capacity ( θ fc ), and 15 monoliths were collected to evaluate the root density ( Rd ), root length ( Rl ), root area ( Ra ) and root moisture ( Rm ) at different depths and plant locations. Soil moisture was balanced to the field capacity before Pr determination. The hypothesis that the sugarcane root system varied vertically and horizontally relative to the central axis of the plant and in relation to physical soil parameters was validated. Soil physical parameters varied significantly in the vertical direction, but sugarcane root system varied both vertically and horizontally. Ds values were 1.57, 1.55 and 1.39 g cm −3 for layers between 0 and 0.2 m, 0.2 and 0.4 m and 0.4 and 0.6 m, respectively. For the same layers, the Pr was 1.42, 1.20 and 0.87 MPa. The largest Pr value (1.93 MPa) was obtained near the surface in the space between rows. As Ds increased, Tp decreased and Pr increased. A consistent relationship was observed between Ds and Pr in all layers, and restrictions on root growth ( Pr  > 2.0 MPa) may occur when Ds  ≥ 1.78 g cm −3 . The multivariate boundary line approach, in combination with nonlinear multiple regression analysis, successfully quantified the effects of Pr on Rd , Rl and Ra . Sugarcane root growth was not affected below Pr values of 0.75 MPa, but decreased significantly between 0.75 and 2.0 MPa. Root growth was severely restricted when Pr  > 2.0 MPa.

High soil penetration resistance reduces sugarcane root system development

Land area devoted to sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) production in Brazil has increased from 2 million to 10 million ha over the past four decades. Studies have shown that, from an environmental perspective, the transformation of nitrogen (N) fertilizers into N2O gases can offset the advantages gained by replacing fossil fuels with biofuels. Our objectives here were to review recent developments in N management for sugarcane-biofuel production and assess estimates of N use efficiency (NUE) and N losses based on future scenarios, as well as for life-cycle assessments of bioenergy production. Approximately 60 % of N-based fertilizer applied to sugarcane fields in Brazil is recovered by plants and soils, whereas N losses to leaching and N2O emissions can average 5.6 and 1.84 % of the total applied N, respectively. Maintenance of trash, rotation with N-fixing legume species, and optimization of byproducts usage have potential for reducing the N requirements of sugarcane cultivation in Brazil. Moreover, the development of sugarcane genotypes with higher NUEs, along with management systems that consider soil capacity of mineralization, is required for improving the NUE of sugarcane. Strategies to maintain N as NH4
 + in sugarcane-cropped soils also have the potential to reduce N losses and enhance NUE. The development of second-generation biofuels is important for increasing biofuel production while simultaneously maintaining N rates and improving NUE, and sugarcane systems in Brazil show potential for sustainable biofuel production with low N rates and limited N2O losses. Reducing N rates in sugarcane fields is thus necessary for improving sugarcane-based biofuel production and reducing its environmental impacts.

Rafael Otto

Papers

Urease Inhibitor NBPT on Ammonia Volatilization and Crop Productivity: A Meta-Analysis

Agronomic efficiency of NBPT as a urease inhibitor: A review.

Nitrogen in sugarcane derived from fertilizer under Brazilian field conditions

High soil penetration resistance reduces sugarcane root system development

Nitrogen Use Efficiency for Sugarcane-Biofuel Production: What Is Next?