Community-based research in public health focuses on social, structural, and physical environmental inequities through active involvement of community members, organizational representatives, and researchers in all aspects of the research process. Partners contribute their expertise to enhance understanding of a given phenomenon and to integrate the knowledge gained with action to benefit the community involved. This review provides a synthesis of key principles of community-based research, examines its place within the context of different scientific paradigms, discusses rationales for its use, and explores major challenges and facilitating factors and their implications for conducting effective community-based research aimed at improving the public’s health.

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Review of community-based research: assessing partnership approaches to improve public health.

What is participatory research

Community-based participatory research (CBPR) has emerged in the past decades as an alternative research paradigm, which integrates education and social action to improve health and reduce health disparities. More than a set of research methods, CBPR is an orientation to research that focuses on relationships between academic and community partners, with principles of colearning, mutual benefit, and long-term commitment and incorporates community theories, participation, and practices into the research efforts. As CBPR matures, tensions have become recognized that challenge the mutuality of the research relationship, including issues of power, privilege, participation, community consent, racial and/or ethnic discrimination, and the role of research in social change. This article focuses on these challenges as a dynamic and ever-changing context of the researcher-community relationship, provides examples of these paradoxes from work in tribal communities, discusses the evidence that CBPR reduces disparities, and recommends transforming the culture of academia to strengthen collaborative research relationships.

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Using Community-Based Participatory Research to Address Health Disparities

Figures and Tables. Foreword (David Satcher). Acknowledgments. The Editors. The Contributors. PART ONE: INTRODUCTION TO METHODS IN COMMUNITY-BASED PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH FOR HEALTH. 1. Introduction to Methods in Community-Based Participatory Research for Health (Barbara A. Israel, Eugenia Eng, Amy J. Schulz, and Edith A. Parker). PART TWO: PARTNERSHIP FORMATION AND MAINTENANCE. 2. Developing and Maintaining Partnerships with Communities (Nina Wallerstein, Bonnie Duran, Meredith Minkler, and Kevin Foley). 3. Strategies and Techniques for Effective Group Process in CBPR Partnerships (Adam B. Becker, Barbara A. Israel, and Alex J. Allen III). PART THREE: COMMUNITY ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSIS. 4. Insiders and Outsiders Assess Who Is "The Community": Participant Observation, Key Informant Interview, Focus Group Interview, and Community Forum (Eugenia Eng, Karen Strazza Moore, Scott D. Rhodes, Derek M. Griffith, Leo L. Allison, Kate Shirah, and Elvira M. Mebane). PART FOUR: DEFINITION OF THE ISSUE. 5. CBPR Approach to Survey Design and Implementation: The Healthy Environments Partnership Survey (Amy J. Schulz, Shannon N. Zenk, Srimathi Kannan, Barbara A. Israel, Mary A. Koch, and Carmen A. Stokes). 6. Using a CBPR Approach to Develop an Interviewer Training Manual with Members of the Apsaalooke Nation (Suzanne Christopher, Linda Burhansstipanov, and Alma Knows His Gun-McCormick). 7. The Application of Focus Group Methodologies to Community-Based Participatory Research (Edith C. Kieffer, Yamir Salabarria-Pena, Angela M. Odoms-Young, Sharla K. Willis, Kelly E. Baber, and J. Ricardo Guzman). 8. Application of CBPR in the Design of an Observational Tool: The Neighborhood Observational Checklist (Shannon N. Zenk, Amy J. Schulz, James S. House, Alison Benjamin, and Srimathi Kannan). 9. Mapping Social and Environmental Influences on Health: A Community Perspective (Guadalupe X. Ayala, Siobhan C. Maty, Altha J. Cravey, and Lucille H. Webb). 10. Community-Based Participatory Research and Ethnography: The Perfect Union (Chris McQuiston, Emilio A. Parrado, Julio Cesar Olmos-Muniz, and Alejandro M. Bustillo Martinez). 11. What's with the Wheezing? Methods Used by the Seattle-King County Healthy Homes Project to Assess Exposure to Indoor Asthma Triggers (James Krieger, Carol A. Allen, John W. Roberts, Lisa Carol Ross, and Tim K. Takaro). PART FIVE: DOCUMENTATION AND EVALUATION OF PARTNERSHIPS. 12. Documentation and Evaluation of CBPR Partnerships: In-Depth Interviews and Closed-Ended Questionnaires (Barbara A. Israel, Paula M. Lantz, Robert J. McGranaghan, Diana L. Kerr, and J. Ricardo Guzman). PART SIX: FEEDBACK, INTERPRETATION, DISSEMINATION, AND APPLICATION OF RESULTS. 13. Developing and Implementing Guidelines for Dissemination: The Experience of the Community Action Against Asthma Project (Edith A. Parker, Thomas G. Robins, Barbara A. Israel, Wilma Brakefield-Caldwell, Katherine K. Edgren, and Donele J. Wilkins). 14. Creating Understanding and Action Through Group Dialogue (Elizabeth A. Baker and Freda L. Motton). 15. Photovoice as a Community-Based Participatory Research Method: A Case Study with African American Breast Cancer Survivors in Rural Eastern North Carolina (Ellen D. S. Lopez, Eugenia Eng, Naomi Robinson, and Caroline C. Wang). 16. Policy Analysis and Advocacy: An Approach to Community-Based Participatory Research (Nicholas Freudenberg, Marc A. Rogers, Cassandra Ritas, and Sister Mary Nerney). 17. Citizens, Science, and Data Judo: Leveraging Secondary Data Analysis to Build a Community-Academic Collaborative for Environmental Justice in Southern California 371 Rachel Morello-Frosch, Manuel Pastor Jr., James L. Sadd, Carlos Porras, and Michele Prichard APPENDIXES. A. Instructions for Conducting a Force Field Analysis (Adam B. Becker, Barbara A. Israel, and Alex J. Allen III). B. Community Member Key Informant Interview Guide (Eugenia Eng, Karen Strazza Moore, Scott D. Rhodes, Derek M. Griffith, Leo L. Allison, Kate Shirah, and Elvira M. Mebane). C. Selected New and Revised Items Included in the HEP Survey After Input from the Steering Committee or Survey Subcommittee (SC), Focus Group Themes (FG), or Pilot Testing (PT) of Existing Items (Amy J. Schulz, Shannon N. Zenk, Srimathi Kannan, Barbara A. Israel, Mary A. Koch, and Carmen A. Stokes). D. Selected HEP Measures by Survey Categories, with Sources and Scale Items (Amy J. Schulz, Shannon N. Zenk, Srimathi Kannan, Barbara A. Israel, Mary A. Koch, and Carmen A. Stokes). E. Healthy Environments Partnership: Neighborhood Observational Checklist (Shannon N. Zenk, Amy J. Schulz, James S. House, Alison Benjamin, and Srimathi Kannan). F. Field Notes Guide (Chris McQuiston, Emilio A. Parrado, Julio Cesar Olmos, and Alejandro M. Bustillo Martinez). G. Detroit Community-Academic Urban Research Center: In-Depth, Semistructured Interview Protocol for Board Evaluation, 1996-2002 (Barbara A. Israel, Paula M. Lantz, Robert J. McGranaghan, Diana L. Kerr, and J. Ricardo Guzman). H. Detroit Community-Academic Urban Research Center: Closed-Ended Survey Questionnaire for Board Evaluation, 1997-2002 (Barbara A. Israel, Paula M. Lantz, Robert J. McGranaghan, Diana L. Kerr, and J. Ricardo Guzman). I. Philosophy and Guiding Principles for Dissemination of Findings of the Michigan Center for the Environment and Children's Health (MCECH) Including Authorship of Publications and Presentations, Policies and Procedures, Access to Data, and Related Matters (Edith A. Parker, Thomas G. Robins, Barbara A. Israel, Wilma Brakefield-Caldwell, Katherine K. Edgren, and Donele J. Wilkins). J. Community Action Against Asthma: Fact Sheet on "Particulate Matter" (Edith A. Parker, Thomas G. Robins, Barbara A. Israel, Wilma Brakefield-Caldwell, Katherine K. Edgren, and Donele J. Wilkins). K. Community Action Against Asthma: Summary of Air Sampling Data in Your Community and Home, 2000-2001 (Edith A. Parker, Thomas G. Robins, Barbara A. Israel, Wilma Brakefield-Caldwell, Katherine K. Edgren, and Donele J. Wilkins). L. The Planning Grant: In-Depth Group Interview Protocol: Questions for Community and Coalition Members (Elizabeth A. Baker and Freda L. Motton). M. Inspirational Images Project: Fact Sheet and Informed Consent Form for Study Participants (Ellen D. S. Lopez, Eugenia Eng, Naomi Robinson, and Caroline C. Wang). N. Inspirational Images Project: Consent for Adults Who May Appear in Photographs (Ellen D. S. Lopez, Eugenia Eng, Naomi Robinson, and Caroline C. Wang). O. Community Reintegration Network: Policy Report-Coming Back to Harlem from Jail or Prison: One-Way or Round-Trip (Nicholas Freudenberg, Marc A. Rogers, Cassandra Ritas, and Sister Mary Nerney). P. Southern California Environmental Justice Collaborative (the Collaborative): Partnership Agreed upon Mechanism for Deciding on Research Activities (Communities for a Better Environment, Liberty Hill Foundation, and The Research Team). Name Index. Subject Index.

Methods For Community - Based Participatory Research For Health

[Extract] Participatory action research has an extensive history in many fields of social practice. Our aim in this chapter is to develop the view of participatory action research that has shaped our own theory and practice during recent years.

Participatory Action Research: Communicative Action and the Public Sphere.

Participatory action research (PAR) is based on the existential concept of experience proposed by the Spanish philosopher Jose Ortega y Gasset. PAR is not exclusively research-oriented and it does not pertain solely to adult education or sociopolitical action. It encompasses all these aspects together as three stages or emphases which are not necessarily consecutive. They may be combined into a process of personal and collective behavior occurring within a satisfying and productive cycle of life and labor called experiential methodology. This book discusses some of the basic components of PAR. Chapter 1 provides basic information about PAR and discusses two processes: 1) empowering the oppressed; and 2) sociopolitical thought processes. Chapter 2 discusses the theoretical standpoint of PAR and includes four themes: 1) the generation of knowledge; 2) peoples empowerment and research; 3) PAR as a cultural movement; and 4) leadership and consciousness. Chapter 3 provides a self-review of PAR and reviews two opposite trends: one toward empowerment of grassroots people and the other largely unanticipated by the originators reaching out to the elite and dominant groups with an electrifying effect.

Rahman Ma

Papers

Action and knowledge: breaking the monopoly with participatory action-research. [Excerpts].