Wireless sensor networks consist of small nodes with sensing, computation, and wireless communications capabilities. Many routing, power management, and data dissemination protocols have been specifically designed for WSNs where energy awareness is an essential design issue. Routing protocols in WSNs might differ depending on the application and network architecture. In this article we present a survey of state-of-the-art routing techniques in WSNs. We first outline the design challenges for routing protocols in WSNs followed by a comprehensive survey of routing techniques. Overall, the routing techniques are classified into three categories based on the underlying network structure: flit, hierarchical, and location-based routing. Furthermore, these protocols can be classified into multipath-based, query-based, negotiation-based, QoS-based, and coherent-based depending on the protocol operation. We study the design trade-offs between energy and communication overhead savings in every routing paradigm. We also highlight the advantages and performance issues of each routing technique. The article concludes with possible future research areas.

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Routing techniques in wireless sensor networks: a survey

Recent advances in wireless sensor networks have led to many new protocols specifically designed for sensor networks where energy awareness is an essential consideration. Most of the attention, however, has been given to the routing protocols since they might differ depending on the application and network architecture. This paper surveys recent routing protocols for sensor networks and presents a classification for the various approaches pursued. The three main categories explored in this paper are data-centric, hierarchical and location-based. Each routing protocol is described and discussed under the appropriate category. Moreover, protocols using contemporary methodologies such as network flow and quality of service modeling are also discussed. The paper concludes with open research issues. � 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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A survey on routing protocols for wireless sensor networks

The highly successful architecture and protocols of today's Internet may operate poorly in environments characterized by very long delay paths and frequent network partitions. These problems are exacerbated by end nodes with limited power or memory resources. Often deployed in mobile and extreme environments lacking continuous connectivity, many such networks have their own specialized protocols, and do not utilize IP. To achieve interoperability between them, we propose a network architecture and application interface structured around optionally-reliable asynchronous message forwarding, with limited expectations of end-to-end connectivity and node resources. The architecture operates as an overlay above the transport layers of the networks it interconnects, and provides key services such as in-network data storage and retransmission, interoperable naming, authenticated forwarding and a coarse-grained class of service.

/pdf/a-delay-tolerant-network-architecture-for-challenged-4nomv5ym6e.pdf

A delay-tolerant network architecture for challenged internets

The term ‘‘Internet-of-Things’’ is used as an umbrella keyword for covering various aspects related to the extension of the Internet and the Web into the physical realm, by means of the widespread deployment of spatially distributed devices with embedded identification, sensing and/or actuation capabilities. Internet-of-Things envisions a future in which digital and physical entities can be linked, by means of appropriate information and communication technologies, to enable a whole new class of applications and services. In this article, we present a survey of technologies, applications and research challenges for Internetof-Things.

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Internet of things: Vision, applications and research challenges

Intermittently connected mobile networks are sparse wireless networks where most of the time there does not exist a complete path from the source to the destination. These networks fall into the general category of Delay Tolerant Networks. There are many real networks that follow this paradigm, for example, wildlife tracking sensor networks, military networks, inter-planetary networks, etc. In this context, conventional routing schemes would fail.To deal with such networks researchers have suggested to use flooding-based routing schemes. While flooding-based schemes have a high probability of delivery, they waste a lot of energy and suffer from severe contention, which can significantly degrade their performance. Furthermore, proposed efforts to significantly reduce the overhead of flooding-based schemes have often be plagued by large delays. With this in mind, we introduce a new routing scheme, called Spray and Wait, that "sprays" a number of copies into the network, and then "waits" till one of these nodes meets the destination.Using theory and simulations we show that Spray and Wait outperforms all existing schemes with respect to both average message delivery delay and number of transmissions per message delivered; its overall performance is close to the optimal scheme. Furthermore, it is highly scalable retaining good performance under a large range of scenarios, unlike other schemes. Finally, it is simple to implement and to optimize in order to achieve given performance goals in practice.

/pdf/spray-and-wait-an-efficient-routing-scheme-for-50seq3wqos.pdf

Spray and wait: an efficient routing scheme for intermittently connected mobile networks

System, welches das Folgende umfasst: einen Einweg-Out-of-Band(OOB)-Kommunikationskanal, um zwischen einer ersten Vorrichtung und einer zweiten Vorrichtung Authentifizierungssignale zu ubermitteln, wobei der OOB-Kommunikationskanal nicht abhorsicher, aber manipulationssicher ist; wobei die erste Vorrichtung und die zweite Vorrichtung uber einen drahtlosen Kommunikationskanal einen Code austauschen; wobei die erste Vorrichtung ein Commitment einer ersten Abfrage uber den drahtlosen Kommunikationskanal an die zweite Vorrichtung sendet; wobei die erste Vorrichtung von der zweiten Vorrichtung uber den OOB-Kommunikationskanal eine Bestatigung empfangt, dass sie das Commitment der ersten Abfrage empfangen hat; wobei die erste Vorrichtung uber den drahtlosen Kommunikationskanal die erste Abfrage an die zweite Vorrichtung sendet; wobei die erste Vorrichtung von der zweiten Vorrichtung uber den OOB-Kommunikationskanal eine Antwort auf die erste Abfrage und eine zweite Abfrage empfangt, wobei die Antwort auf die erste Abfrage unter Verwendung des ausgetauschten Codes erzeugt wird, und wobei die Antwort auf die erste Abfrage der...

Zweiwege-Authentifizierung zwischen zwei Kommunikationsendpunkten unter Verwendung eines Einweg-Out-Of-Band(OOB)-Kanals

A mechanism is described for outsourcing context-aware application-related activities to a sensor hub. A method of embodiments of the invention includes outsourcing a plurality of functionalities from an application processor to a sensor hub processor of a sensor hub by configuring the sensor hub processor, and performing one or more context-aware applications using one or more sensors coupled to the sensor hub processor.

Computer-implemented method, system for outsourcing context-aware application-related functionalilties to a sensor hub, and non-transitory machine-readable medium

Retail industry is moving into the era of "responsive retail" where real-time detection and data analytics of customeritem interactions and preferences are becoming critical differentiators for brick-and-mortar retail stores to compete with increasing online alternatives. As RFID tag deployments in retail stores continue to grow, RFID technology is positioned to be one of the best means to capture customer-item interactions. This can generate insights retailers use to optimize store layout, shop floor item arrangements and even the placement of associated items in close proximity to increase the chances of sales. Generation of such key insights in a retail environment starts with the capability of detecting motion of a few tags among thousands of stationary tags, which is still an open research problem. We have created a fully FCC compliant UHF RFID testbed with individually tagged 1000 clothing items. By collecting data for customer-item interaction use cases relevant to realistic retail environments, we show why existing algorithms that work for low tag density environments (i.e. 90% accuracy in real-world retail environments.

Rahul C. Shah

Papers

Zweiwege-Authentifizierung zwischen zwei Kommunikationsendpunkten unter Verwendung eines Einweg-Out-Of-Band(OOB)-Kanals

Computer-implemented method, system for outsourcing context-aware application-related functionalilties to a sensor hub, and non-transitory machine-readable medium

Capturing Customer Browsing Insights through RFID Tag Motion Detection in High Tag Density Environments

Portable consumer device,computer-readable medium and computer-implemented method for detection of user activity