Kajian ini membahaskan tentang sumbangan Jamāl al-Dīn al-Qāsimī dalam bidang astronomi melalui hasil usaha beliau menulis kitab tafsir bertajuk Maḥāsin al-Ta’wīl dengan menjadikan beberapa topik astronomi yang ditekankan oleh al-Qāsimī sebagai asas kajian. Metode kajian ini berasaskan penyelidikan perpustakaan dengan menggunakan metode pengumpulan data, metode analisis kandungan dan metode kualitatif. Topik-topik terpilih telah dihuraikan dengan menggunakan analisis komparatif iaitu kajian perbandingan dengan kitab-kitab tafsir muktabar yang lain serta membawa kajian-kajian saintifik yang bersesuaian dengan topik berkenaan. Sumber data adalah melalui kitab Maḥāsin al-Ta’wīl, kitab-kitab tafsir yang muktabar, karya-karya al-Qāsimī, kitab-kitab umum, tesis dan disertasi serta laman sesawang berautoriti berkaitan dengan tajuk kajian. Hasil dapatan kajian mendapati bahawa Jamāl al-Dīn al-Qāsimī merupakan salah seorang ulama tafsir yang bersungguh-sungguh memperkasakan kekuatan pentafsiran al-Quran secara saintifik dalam sejarah Islam. Kajian terhadap karya agung beliau, kitab tafsir Maḥāsin al-Taʼwīl memberikan impak positif dalam memahami konsep tafsīr ʻilmī dengan lebih jelas terutamanya berkenaan ayat-ayat al-Kawniyyah di dalam al-Quran yang memfokuskan bidang astronomi sebagai topik perbincangan. Gabungan metode pentafsiran secara al-Ma'thūr dan al-Raʼyī yang digunakan dalam pentafsiran al-Qāsimī mengharmonikan hubungan antara inti pati al-Quran dengan kajian saintifik semasa.

Sumbangan Jamal al-Din al-Qasimi dalam bidang astronomi: Kajian berdasarkan kitab tafsir Mahasin Al Ta'wil / Hamizah Ruslan

Apr~s avoir rappel~ la r6solution des triangles spl~riques, et les ~lL, rnents relatifs ~ la sphere c~leste et aux coordonn~s astronomiques, I'auteur d~eloppe les donnC=es m~triques terrestres et solaires : longitude, latitude, figure de la terra, deviation de la verticale, mouvement apparent du soleil, orbite terrestre, mouvement en ascension droite et d6clinaison semi-diam~tre solaire, trace apparente du soleil sur la sphere c~leste, etc 

/pdf/the-elements-of-astronomy-for-surveyors-22ajzr7wq4.pdf

The elements of astronomy for surveyors

The methods and quality of seventeenth century timings of immersions and emersions of the Galilean satellite Io were studied. It was found that the quality of the observations was very good but that in the cases where these observations were used for longitude determinations, the results were impaired by the inaccuracy of Cassini's ephemerides that were used.

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Analysis of French Jesuit observations of Io made in China in AD 1689‒1690

2 Abstract: The aim of this research is to present a new criterion for earliest crescent visibility based on the brightness difference between the young crescent and its background sky at sunset. In this work, 141 and 52 of lunar crescent observations from Malaysia and Iran respectively has been studied and analyzed. The data collected consisted of visible and non-visible observation data (naked eye and optically aided). The results indicated that the Moon's percentage illumination (or Moon's phase) must be 0.52 % ± 0.10 % and 0.39 % ± 0.10 % for Malaysia and Iran respectively. The average sky brightness during sunset measured was 6.80 ± 1.13 magnitude/arcsecond . 2

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Young Moon Visibility Criterion Based on Crescent Illumination and Sky Brightness Contrast Model

We report air temperature and humidity changes during the two solar eclipses of 26 December 2019, and of 21 June 2020, respectively, in the cities of Al-Hofuf and Riyadh in Saudi Arabia. During the December eclipse the Sun rose already eclipsed (91.53% of the area covered) while the June eclipse, although also annular in other places of the Arabian Peninsula, was just partial at Riyadh (area covered 72.80%). This difference apparently affected the observed response on the recorded variables of temperature, relative humidity (RH) and vapor pressure (VP) in the two events. Change in these variables went unnoticed for the first eclipse since it was within the natural variability of the day; yet for the other, they showed clearly some trend alterations, which we analyze and discuss. A decrease in temperature of 3.2 °C was detected in Riyadh; however, RH and VP showed an oscillation that we explain in the light of a similar effect reported in other eclipses. We found a time lag of about 15 min measured from the eclipse central phase in this city. We made an inspection of related fluctuations and dynamics from the computed rates of the temporal variation of temperature and RH. Trying to identify the influence of solar eclipses in similar environments we have made a broad inter-comparison with other observations of these variables in the Near East, northern Africa and in the United States. We compare our results with results obtained by other authors working with the December eclipse but in the United Arab Emirates and Oman, which showed dissimilar results. These inter-comparisons show how effectively the lower atmosphere can respond to a solar eclipse within a desert environment and others similar. As a preamble, a historical revision of temperature and humidity in the context of eclipse meteorology is also included.

Air temperature and humidity during the solar eclipses of 26 December 2019 and of 21 June 2020 in Saudi Arabia and in other eclipses with similar environments

A total solar eclipse is suspected to have influence to the physical parameter of an environment area particularly the brightness of the sky and other environmental parameters such as temperature and humidity. The brightness of the sky, temperature and humidity were measured during the total solar eclipse on 22 July nd 2009 by using the SQM (Sky Quality Meter) and hygrometer. The results obtained show changes in sky brightness, temperature and humidity during the totality.

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Sky Brightness Condition During Total Solar Eclipse on July 22, 2009

Negara Malaysia telah menggunakan kriteria yang pelbagai dalam menyusun kalendar Hijrah. Sehingga kini kriteria imkan al-rukyah telah digunakan hampir 20 tahun. Namun, bagaimanakah proses penyusunan kriteria ini masih menjadi persoalan di kalangan ahli falak dan masyarakat awam. Justeru, kajian ini menjelaskan sejarah asal usul kriteria kenampakan anak bulan yang digunakan di Malaysia. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah berdasarkan kajian perpustakaan dan kajian lapangan. Seterusnya, analisis induktif diaplikasikan dalam menganalisis data. Hasil kajian mendapati kriteria altitud 2 darjah dan sudut elongasi 3 darjah dirumus berdasarkan data-data kenampakan anak bulan di Indonesia. Manakala kriteria kenampakan anak bulan 8 jam setelah berlakunya ijtimak adalah berasal daripada pandangan tokoh falak Malaysia.

SEJARAH KRITERIA KENAMPAKAN ANAK BULAN DI MALAYSIA (History of the Criteria for Lunar Crescent Visibility in Malaysia)

2 Abstract: The visibility of lunar crescent has been explained in Islamic Law (fiqh) by previous scholars. Until today, the explanations which were nuance in qualitative sense are still provide vacuum and need to be studied critically with different method particularly in quantitative approach. Therefore, this paper will present the application of scientific approach using sky illumination measurement to explain lunar crescent's visibility. The approach combines computational and observational technique will help fiqh in explaining the phenomenon explicitly and strengthen it with empirical descriptions. The sky illumination measurement was performed using a light meter in Teluk Kemang, Malaysia from 2007 until 2009. The authors employed the observational data to obtain the estimate values of sky illumination for the day which lunar crescent was seen from 1972 until 2009. The analyses of the values then were correlated with relative altitude and sun depression angle. The authors found that the range of sky illumination for lunar crescent to be seen is 2.95-92.80 lux. For the highest sky illumination value (92.80 lux), relative altitude should be ≥ 5 and the depression angle 0

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Application of Scientific Approach to Determine Lunar Crescent's Visibility

Science and technology (S&T) are necessary as a tool to help Islamic jurists understand related issues explicitly. On the crescent visibility issue, the implementation of S&T through astronomical calculation and instrumentation is still debated, some accept while others reject. Therefore, this paper will examine the effects arising from the implementation of S&T. The crescent visibility data for 2010 were analysed to examine the effects. The results showed that S&T can strengthen the method of rukyah (observation), thereby overcoming the indecision and reducing the fallibility from the observation and the witness. The issued juristic result can also be made accurately and proven scientifically. Without S&T, the result might be supported by weak testimonial, even though the witness is qualified.

Kesan Penggunaan Hitungan Astronomi Dan Alatan Moden Dalam Cerapan Hilal Di Malaysia: Satu Penelitian

Astronomical instruments have been used in Arabia to aid the process of determining the accurate times, qibla direction and several issues regarding Muslim worship since the 7th century AD. The technical instruments are used together with the knowledge of astronomy and mathematics. As a result, ‘ilm alMiqat has been introduced as a part of the Syariah discipline. Through ‘ilm al-Miqat, prayer times are no longer determined by the naked eye, but are calculated with the aid of astronomical instruments.

Raihana Abdul Wahab

Papers

Sky Brightness Condition During Total Solar Eclipse on July 22, 2009

SEJARAH KRITERIA KENAMPAKAN ANAK BULAN DI MALAYSIA (History of the Criteria for Lunar Crescent Visibility in Malaysia)

Application of Scientific Approach to Determine Lunar Crescent's Visibility

Kesan Penggunaan Hitungan Astronomi Dan Alatan Moden Dalam Cerapan Hilal Di Malaysia: Satu Penelitian

The Determination of Subuh Prayer Time by using Rubu' Mujayyab in Malaysia