Presentation des methodes de piegeage utilisees dans la lutte contre les insectes des cultures. Evaluation de leur efficacite et de leur cout

Trap Cropping in Pest Management

Recent analyses of the restructuring of the agro‐food system draw uncritically on the industrial restructuring literature, notably regulation theory and Fordism/post‐Fordism debates on capitalist transition. We question the extension of this periodisation and conceptual framework to the political economy of agrarian restructuring. We also interrogate the theoretical foundations of several related literatures concerned with international food regimes, the ‘new internationalisation’ of agriculture, the repositioning of agriculture‐industry relations, and the reconfiguration of rural space. Our general argument is that the industrial restructuring debates provide an inadequate conceptual architecture for analyses of the dynamics of change in agrarian production structures and rural spatial organisation.

Reconfiguring the rural or fording the divide?: Capitalist restructuring and the global agro‐food system

Large worker populations in the Third World are exposed to increasing amounts of pesticides, including pesticides severely restricted and banned in industrialized countries. Studies on knowledge, attitudes, and practices indicate that unsafe use of pesticides is the rule in Third World countries. Surveys of acute poisonings show high rates in these countries, despite underregistration. The scarce studies on chronic health outcomes demonstrate neurotoxic, reproductive, and dermatologic effects. Exposure assessment consists mainly of cholinesterase testing, and few studies have quantified dermal and respiratory exposure. The few intervention studies demonstrate the need for evaluation of the impact of preventive measures and policies. There is no evidence that widespread "safe-use" programs have greatly affected exposure and morbidity. It was concluded that research should focus on simple methods for surveillance of exposure and on surveillance of acute illness and its causes in order to develop and evaluate rapid local interventions. Studies on chronic effects should be carried out in selected countries, aiming at long-term and broader interventions. Policies that promote the use of pesticides should be critically evaluated. North-South and South-South research collaborations must be encouraged to address this global health problem.

Agricultural Pesticide Use in Developing Countries: Health Effects and Research Needs:

Field populations of Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari), Plutella xylostella (L.), Spo- doptera exigua (Hubner), Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) were tested for resistance to several insecticides commonly used in Nicaragua. Assays were conducted to estimate the LD50 so r LC50s and the corresponding resistance ratios. A diagnostic concentration was used to discriminate between susceptible and resistant strains of H. hampei. The tests with .6,000 H. hampei adults collected from six different sites indicate the absence of resistance to endosulfan. Resistance to cypermethrin, deltamethrin, chlorfluazuron, thiocyclam, and methamidophos was documented in six field populations of P. xylostella. High levels of resistance to cypermethrin and deltamethrin, but moderate levels of resistance to chlorpyriphos and methomyl, were also documented in two field populations of S. exigua. Moderate levels of resistance to cypermethrin, deltamethrin and chlorpy- riphos were also documented in three field populations of H. zea. Moderate to high levels of resistance to bifenthrin, methamidophos and endosulfan were documented in four field populations of B. tabaci. The presence of significant correlations between LD50 so r LC50s suggests the occurrence of cross-resistance or simultaneous selection for resistance by different insecticides with different modes of action. Our data could not differentiate between these two possibilities. Because insec- ticides will continue being used in Nicaragua, a resistance management program is urgently needed. The implementation of integrated pest management tactics must be accompanied by specific regulations for pesticide registration. In the future, pesticide registration regulations in Nicaragua should include periodic resistance monitoring. The mechanisms to cover the costs of resistance monitoring and resistance management should also be established.

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Assessment of Insecticide Resistance in Five Insect Pests Attacking Field and Vegetable Crops in Nicaragua

SUMMARY After a brief history of pesticide use and impacts in Latin America, the paper analyzes how agricultural development programmes, from the Green Revolution to the promotion of non-traditional export crops, have perpetuated the pesticide treadmill in the region. A fundamental issue in the paper is to link the pesticide problem to the broader policy, institutional socio-economic and technical changes that must occur if agriculture is to be ecologically sound, economically viable and socially just. By using several examples of biological control and integrated pest management programmes as case studies, ways of promoting the transition of chemical intensive commercial agriculture to a more sustainable and low-external input agriculture are explored. In the policy realm, a series of requirements and incentives to initiate change towards ecological pest management are suggested, including: changing the political-economic structures, countering pressures from the agrochemical industry, disseminating IPM ...

Rainer G. Daxl

Papers

Nicaragua's Revolution in Pesticide Policy

Area-wide suppression of boll weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) populations in Nicaragua

Breaking the circle of poison : the integrated pest management revolution in Nicaragua