Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are formed by deploying as large number of sensor nodes in an area for the surveillance of generally remote locations. A typical sensor node is made up of different components to perform the task of sensing, processing and transmitting data. WSNs are used for many applications in diverse forms from indoor deployment to outdoor deployment. The basic requirement of every application is to use the secured network. Providing security to the sensor network is a very challenging issue along with saving its energy. Many security threats may affect the functioning of these networks. WSNs must be secured to keep an attacker from hindering the delivery of sensor information and from forging sensor information as these networks are build for remote surveillance and unauthorized changes in the sensed data may lead to wrong information to the decision makers. This paper studies the various security issues and security threats in WSNs. Also, gives brief description of some of the protocols used to achieve security in the network. This paper also compares the proposed methodologies analytically and demonstrates the findings in a table. These findings can be used further by other researchers or Network implementers for making the WSN secure by choosing the best security mechanism.

Security issues in Wireless Sensor Network — A review

With the increasing size of urban population, cities are facing a diverse range of issues such as severe traffic congestion, deteriorating air quality, increasing road accidents, and exploding growth in number of private vehicles. At the same time, the share of public transport is decreasing. The reason is lack of dependable public transport facilities. With the development of Information technology, Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming a reality. IoT can assist in the integration of communication, control and information processing present in the public transportation system. This paper, deals with implementation of IoT in public transport system by providing information such as bus number, arrival time and number of persons on board to the end user. The cost effective prototype model developed collects data at the vehicle terminal, uploads the updated data to the server through the internet and makes data visible to the awaiting user. Key technologies used in the proposed work are RFID, GPS and controller with in-built Wi-Fi module. A prototype model of the proposed system has been developed and demonstrated.

IoT enabled intelligent bus transportation system

With the emergence of new technology and innovations, people are searching smarter ways to protect/monitor their properties remotely. In accordance to that, at present GPS based tracking system is frequently used in vehicle tracking, children/pet tracking, aircraft tracking, any personal belongings tracking, fleet management and so on. This paper introduces a Smart Anti-Theft Vehicle System based on Internet of Things (IoT) for monitoring the movement of any equipped vehicle from anywhere in real time. At the implementation of this system, Global Positioning System (GPS), Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)/General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and Microcontrollers are used to enable users for monitoring their vehicles in a convenient manner. This system provides the access to check the movement and control (emergency stop by closing the fuel line) vehicles remotely by using mobile application. The hardware prototype of the proposed system and the user application for monitoring and controlling vehicles are presented in this paper.

Smart anti-theft vehicle tracking system for Bangladesh based on Internet of Things

In Rechargeable Wireless Sensor Networks (R-WSNs), in order to achieve the maximum data collection rate it is critical that sensors operate in very low duty cycles because of the sporadic availability of energy. A sensor has to stay in a dormant state in most of the time in order to recharge the battery and use the energy prudently. In addition, a sensor cannot always conserve energy if a network is able to harvest excessive energy from the environment due to its limited storage capacity. Therefore, energy exploitation and energy saving have to be traded off depending on distinct application scenarios. Since higher data collection rate or maximum data collection rate is the ultimate objective for sensor deployment, surplus energy of a node can be utilized for strengthening packet delivery efficiency and improving the data generating rate in R-WSNs. In this work, we propose an algorithm based on data aggregation to compute an upper data generation rate by maximizing it as an optimization problem for a network, which is formulated as a linear programming problem. Subsequently, a dual problem by introducing Lagrange multipliers is constructed, and subgradient algorithms are used to solve it in a distributed manner. At the same time, a topology controlling scheme is adopted for improving the network's performance. Through extensive simulation and experiments, we demonstrate that our algorithm is efficient at maximizing the data collection rate in rechargeable wireless sensor networks.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/8/1201/pdf

Maximum Data Collection Rate Routing Protocol Based on Topology Control for Rechargeable Wireless Sensor Networks

A wireless sensor network typically consists of large number of low-cost densely deployed sensor nodes that have strictly constrained sensing, computation, and communication capabilities. Because of resource restricted sensor nodes, it is necessary to reduce the amount of information transmission so that average lifetime of sensor and thus the bandwidth consumption are improved. As wireless sensor networks are typically deployed in remote and hostile environments to transmit sensitive data, sensor nodes are in danger of node compromise attacks and security issues like data confidentiality and integrity are terribly necessary. Therefore, in this paper we have explored general security threats in wireless sensor network and made an extensive study to categorize available data gathering protocols and analyze possible security threats on them.

Security issues in wireless sensor networks: A review

The communication in military is vital for distribution of commands, logistical information and proper functionality of all units. It is must to have a secure channel through which critical information is exchanged in real time and privacy of information is maintained. Wireless sensor network can be used in military application for monitoring militant activities like tracking enemies and force protection. Wireless sensor network has set of distributes sensors nodes which are connected to each other. These sensor nodes are low powered, low cost, small in size and can do limited amount of computation. But wireless sensor network is vulnerable to various kinds of attacks like node capturing, eavesdropping in communication links and man in the middle or reply to a message. To ensure security, messages from wireless sensor networks must be encrypted. Many key agreement schemes have been proposed to ensure security but most of them are quite complex. In this paper we are proposing pre key distribution scheme for public key cryptography in military communication by establishing secure key arrangement between set of nodes in sensor network. This will improve performance in term of memory usage, resource consumption, resiliency against node capturing, scalability, resistant against node replication and security in information sharing.

Security for wireless sensor networks in military operations

In a fast paced world where time is often equated with money, the dependency on transportation system is ever increasing. As economies grow, the boundaries of urban cities also grow and with it, the traffic overhead. As in developed countries, in India public modes of transport is viewed as often the fastest. However, due to the lack of necessary infrastructure one often finds it difficult to get access to realtime information on the timings of public bus transport. Addressing this problem, in this paper we present an innovative methodology to provide fast and real-time updates on the movement of public transports using the widespread usage of smart phone. With the popularity of the low-cost smart phones, information access to GPS has never been easier and with the release of Google maps API's, we intend to build enabling technology components to facilitate “low-cost realtime information access on public bus transport”.

Low cost real time vehicle tracking system

The current work investigated the potential of Tetracycline (TC) removal from aqueous solutions using Fe/Pd nanoparticles coated over sand by in situ process (IS-Fe/Pd). The developed IS-Fe/Pd was then characterized using XRD, SEM, and EDAX. In batch studies, optimum TC removal (99.78 ± 0.05 %) was attained by initial TC concentration: 20 μg/mL; IS-Fe/Pd weight: 1000 mg; and interaction time: 180 min. The underlying TC removal mechanism was studied by performing a thorough characterization of IS-Fe/Pd and TC solution during the removal process. The structural modifications in IS-Fe/Pd were characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM, and EDAX, while the chemical variations of the TC solution were studied through TOC, ORP, and LCMS measurements. A combination of degradation and adsorption by IS-Fe/Pd nanoparticle-coated sand was responsible for TC removal from aqueous medium. Also, the cell viability assessment using the bacteria, Bacillus and Pseudomonas, and algae Chlorella sp. revealed that the toxicity of TC has substantially reduced after treatment with IS-Fe/Pd nanoparticle-coated sand. Further, the column study evaluated the impacts of varying bed height, flow rate, and initial TC concentration. At the optimized condition (bed height: 10 cm; flow rate: 1 mL/min; initial TC concentration: 20 μg/mL), the removal capacity was 433 ± 13 μg/mg in column reactors. In the case of TC-spiked natural water systems, 350 ± 18 μg/mg and 395 ± 15 μg/mg capacity was noted for lake and tap water, respectively.

In-situ coating of Fe/Pd nanoparticles on sand and its application for removal of tetracycline from aqueous solution

The last decade has witnessed a prompt progression in the field of rough set notion. It has been fruitfully applied to numerous diverse fields such as data mining and network intrusion discovery with little or no alterations. A rapid advance of interest in rough set theory and its applications can be recently seen in the number of international workshops, conferences and seminars that are either directly devoted to rough sets or contain the subject in their programs. This paper familiarizes rudimentary notions of rough set theory and then applies them on a data set of hepatitis disease. Major factors responsible for the disease are studied and then we eliminated the surplus data from the information table. Based on the conditions the actions to be taken are defined in the decision algorithms.

Investigating the factors responsible for hepatitis disease using rough set theory

The research focuses on the study of admixtures used for producing lightweight mortar by replacing cement and fine aggregates. Mortar is a composition of water, fine aggregate and binding material. The concept of sustainable development and reduction in environmental degradation has been the talk of the hour for numerous years, and its application in the field of civil engineering is inevitable. Since cement production has multiple adverse effects on the environment and also the excessive instream sand mining causes the degradation of rivers, the objective of this research is to replace cement with metakaolin, silica fumes, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), lime and nano-silica materials. Plenty of aforementioned admixtures are basically waste products. Solid glass beads and cenosphere are used to replace sand entirely. Fifteen mix designs of different composition have been tested and analysed. Variety of tests including ultrasonic pulse velocity test, split tensile strength test and compressive strength test was performed to determine structural characteristics of the concrete mix. The optimum percentage of substitution is as follows: cement (35%), metakaolin (28%), silica fumes (12%), slag (15%), lime (10%) and nano-silica (0%). The selected mortar samples were characterized by the means of destructive and non-destructive tests, and the efficient mortar mix was analysed using scanning electronic microscope (SEM analysis).

Rajat Gupta

Papers

Security for wireless sensor networks in military operations

Low cost real time vehicle tracking system

In-situ coating of Fe/Pd nanoparticles on sand and its application for removal of tetracycline from aqueous solution

Investigating the factors responsible for hepatitis disease using rough set theory

Study of Lightweight Mortar by Replacing Cement and Aggregates with Admixtures