Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) may be incorporated with thousands of small nodes. This gives them the capability to effectively sense, communicate, and compute parameters. However, the security and life span of a WSN node is a primary concern. This paper is focused on introducing a mathematical model of a modified Multitier Deterministic Energy-Efficient Clustering (DEC) based on novel election multi-tier random probability protocol for agricultural WSNs to enhance the life span of a WSN node along with a comparison of it with existing DEC protocol. In the proposed model, the selection of cluster heads, (CH), is done based on the energy drain pattern and location of the sensor nodes, which increased the lifespan of sensor nodes. In addition, several WSN probabilistic routing protocols to save energy throughout data transmissions like Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems (PEGASIS), DEC, and Stable Election Protocol (SEP) are explained. Moreover, it has been found that, after some mathematical modification in existing DEC routing, it will be capable to give a more positive result and reduce the energy drain in WSN nodes using a selective cluster head technique based on residual energy of sensor nodes. The DEC protocol is also compared with our proposed modified protocol for showing the energy-efficiency. The energy efficiency of clustering is associated with the field of energy sustainability of wireless sensor networks which is in the scope of Symmetry journal.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/5/837/pdf

A new energy efficient multitier deterministic energy-efficient clustering routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

The information technology has grown so rapidly that it has led to the development of compact size and inexpensive sensor nodes. Several sensor nodes together form a WSN. Though the WSN is compact in size, they can be equipped with radio transceivers, sensors, microprocessors which are embedded and sensors. One of the major critical issues with WSN is energy efficiency. With WSN, various energy-efficient techniques are being employed. Among clustering techniques, LEACH, HEED, EAMMH, TEEN, SEP, DEEC, K-means clustering algorithm are some of the most popular energy-efficient techniques which are employed. These are hierarchical based protocol which saves energy by balancing the energy expense. Detailed review and analysis of these protocols are presented, and midpoint location algorithm is proposed in this paper. The methodology used for reduction in dead nodes while transmitting the data is also discussed. In the proposed work, path construction phase (PCP) and alternative path construction phase (APCP) are created in order to reduce dead nodes. During the processes of data transmission if a node is found out that it will fail and APCP is applied, the cluster head is changed while applying the APCP. The cluster head is chosen based on midpoint location and highest node energy. The cluster head becomes permanent if the node has midpoint location and the highest energy. If the node does not have midpoint location and highest energy, it becomes a temporary cluster head. The proposed techniques are compared with EAMMH protocol and LEACH protocol using MATLAB. When compared with EAMMH, the dead nodes were reduced with subsequent rounds.

Pivot variable location-based clustering algorithm for reducing dead nodes in wireless sensor networks

Wireless Sensor Networks have been organized for various aspects like, data collection, security, tracking, military applications etc. But one of the major challenges in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) that is yet to be sorted out is the lack of energy efficiency which retards the lifetime of the network. Clustering or Hierarchical routing is good solution for reducing much of energy consumption in WSN. LEACH (Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy) is best energy efficient hierarchical protocol for WSN and there are many protocols introduced based on LEACH but still have issue of energy efficiency. Lots of research is going on CH (cluster head) election algorithm, data aggregation, reducing number of transmissions and different power levels. MODLEACH (Modified LEACH) uses dual transmission power levels which reduces energy consumption of nodes; also it uses different cluster head election algorithm in which node have residual energy greater than threshold it remain as CH for next round. E (Enhanced)-MODLEACH also appoint the CH same as hybrid energy efficient distributed (HEED) Protocol but in which last node become dead earlier. In this paper, We advances MODLEACH by different mathematical equation such that it elects node as cluster head based on residual energy of nodes and it puts limit on number of CH. Also we A (advances) — MODLEACH by including energy hole removing mechanism such that if node has remaining energy less than Eth, it puts a node into sleep mode. If number of sleep nodes more than 11 then we are invoking the sleep nodes one by one into active mode. So our approach increases stability period and packets to base station (BS) or sink. We uses MATLAB as simulation software.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/7368254/7374772/07375648.pdf

Design and simulation of advance MODLEACH for wireless sensor network

Today Internet of things (IoT) is omnipresent bringing to us tracking and identification technologies, enhanced communication protocols and distributed intelligence in smart objects. Unfortunately, IoT is not far from security risks since it is an heterogeneous network comprising different nodes status. Malicious nodes impact harmfully on IoT network stability. In addition, IoT objects have limited capacities in processing, storage and batteries. To improve their batteries lifetime, objects workload should be bend down. Taking into consideration these IoT issues, we propose in this paper a clustering mechanism based on trust management and edge computing for IoT. The security intervention is based on excluding malicious nodes from an IoT network as well as by disseminating reliability between worthy nodes in favour of trust management. In order to minimize energy consumption, we established a one hop clustering mechanism based on density of nodes in an IoT network, trust and energy levels of nodes. All clusters are supervised by base stations in the edge of the network. We also integrate edge computing to migrate data processing and storage to base stations.

Towards a New Clustering Algorithm based on Trust Management and Edge Computing for IoT

A challenging research topic in wireless sensor network is prolonging the network lifetime by optimizing the network energy expenditure. The paper explores an enhanced energy optimization routing protocol which uses double cluster heads in a clustering wireless sensor network. The double cluster heads which are determined by energy welfare function are referred to as main cluster head and assistant one, respectively. To balance nodes energy, a formula for the energy overhead is presented to make the sensor node join a temporary cluster with low energy consuming during cluster set-up stage. Then, during the routing selection, relay nodes communicate sensory information to the sink by using combining single-hop and multi-hop technology. The selection of relay nodes depends on the weight values involving information of residual energy, the number of nodes in the cluster, selected times as relay nodes, and a distance between two nodes. The improved protocol is evaluated via simulation experiments and compared with some existing protocols. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed protocol outperforms the relevant protocols in energy utilization efficiency. Especially, the network lifetime is prolonged due to decreasing energy consuming of the cluster head.

An enhanced energy optimization routing protocol using double cluster heads for wireless sensor network

A WSN is a specialized wireless network made up of large number of sensors and at least one base station. The foremost or the main difference between WSN and the traditional wireless networks is that sensors are extremely sensitive to energy consumption. Energy saving in the crucial issue in designing the wireless sensor networks (12)... Since the radio transmission and reception consumes more energy, one of the most or the main significant issue in wireless sensor network is the inherent limited battery power within network sensor nodes. It is preferable to dispense the energy throughout the wireless sensor network so to maximize the lifetime of sensor nodes. So it is essential to design effective and energy aware protocols in order to enhance the life time of the network. A wireless sensor network may have network structure based or protocol operation based routing protocol. In this paper, a review on hierarchical based routing protocol which is further a sub-type of the network structure based routing protocol in WSNs is carried out. Major issues which are considered in WSNs are Energy consumption and network life time.

http://www.iosrjen.org/Papers/vol4_issue2%20(part-4)/A04240107.pdf

Review Paper on Energy- Efficient Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

This study is an attempt to focus on the impact of quality circle towards employees & organization. Employee’s attitude towards participative management is also discussed in detail through the case study. The observed data are analyzed through cause-effect diagram, Pareto-diagram etc. The results and findings are not only amazing but also beneficial to both employees & organization. It results in Drastic reduction in wastage, considerable increase in average saving, minimizing financial losses, and increased employee’s motivation. By operating machine with care and minimizing wastage, the production & hence productivity increases considerably. It also aims individual as well as group development by bringing out hidden capabilities of the employees, their change in attitude, skill development & good team relationship. It enhanced the quality of the output & services. Significance and perception of training with good leadership qualities are the success of quality circle in any organization. This study reveals & suggests that the positive attitude will be developed. It leads to overall improvement in organizational culture as well as performance of employees.

Impact of Quality Circle Towards Employees & Organization A CASE STUDY

DEC (Deterministic Energy Efficient Clustering) protocol is dynamic, distributive, self-organizing and more efficient in terms of energy than any other of the existing protocols. DEC uses an easy approach which reduces computational overhead-cost to self-organize the sensor network. A WSN is a specialized wireless network made up of large number of sensors and at least one base station in order to collect data or information from the fields where they are deployed. The foremost difference between WSN and the traditional wireless networks is that sensors are extremely sensitive to energy consumption. Energy saving is a vital issue while designing the wireless sensor networks (12). The critical point of these sensor nodes is that they generally consume much energy while making communications and reduce the battery and network lifetime. So it is essential to design effective and energy aware protocols in order to enhance the life time of the network. In this paper, DEC (Deterministic Energy Efficient Clustering) protocol is described in order to improve the energy efficiency of the wireless sensor networks.

/pdf/performance-optimization-of-wsn-using-deterministic-energy-1dvgp89sju.pdf

Performance Optimization of WSN Using Deterministic Energy Efficient Clustering Protocol: A Review

The dynamics of business environment always poses sever new issues that need to be consider by an organization to be competitive in the business. The human resource development practices can be an instrument to meet this prerequisite. Considering this fact, this study aimed to examine the contribution of HRD practices on the commitment of employees in Nepalese development banks. For this, 320 bankers as respondents are selected from national level development banks with head office based on Kathmandu valley to meet the study objectives. Structured questionnaire as an instrument for data collection based on 5-point Likert scale has been applied.  The data are processed and analyzed with use of MS-Excel, SPSS, descriptive, correlation and regression analysis. The findings shows that HRD dimensions has significant positive association and impact on commitment of employees in Nepalese development banks. However, integrated HRD strategies still need to be considered by the development banks for its own effectiveness as exposed by the respondents. Thus, the researchers concludes that HRD practices to make their employees more dedicated and committed as per the dynamics of market then development banks of Nepal should be considered integrated HRD practice as a core value of their banks. Therefore, it is recommended that stakeholders specially executives of banks to put keen attention for framing a suitable HRD strategy for remain competitive.

/pdf/contribution-of-hrd-practices-on-employees-commitment-an-2kf008tr.pdf

Contribution of HRD Practices on Employees’ Commitment: An Observation of Development Banks in Nepal

Internal control system in an organization preventing the dishonest financial reporting is the need of present scenario especially in Nepalese financial institutions. Therefore, this study intends to present the contribution of internal control system towards financial performance in Nepalese commercial banks. To know the contribution of internal control system descriptive research design has been applied to assess the current practice of internal control system and its effect on financial performance in Nepalese commercial banks. In this 280 employees from top 7 commercial banks were selected based on their paid up capital as the sample for this study. The result depicts that internal control has significant relation with financial performance in commercial banks of Nepal. Therefore, this study concludes that internal control system mainly control environment and internal audit have the significant contribution to the financial performance while considering liquidity and profitability in Nepalese context. Hence, the result of the study will have significant contribution for the concern authorities to make their future strategies for the irresponsible financial reporting.

Rajesh Chaudhary

Papers

Review Paper on Energy- Efficient Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

Impact of Quality Circle Towards Employees & Organization A CASE STUDY

Performance Optimization of WSN Using Deterministic Energy Efficient Clustering Protocol: A Review

Contribution of HRD Practices on Employees’ Commitment: An Observation of Development Banks in Nepal

Contribution of Internal Control System towards Financial Performance: An Empirical Configuration for Future Strategies