purpose of visualizing and analyzing geographically referenced information. Many have characterized GIS as one of the most powerful of all information technologies because it focuses on integrating knowledge from multiple sources (for example, as layers within a map) and creates a crosscutting environment for collaboration. In addition, GIS is attractive to most people who encounter it because it is both intuitive and cognitive. It combines a powerful visualization environment—using maps to communicate and visualize—with a strong analytic and modeling framework that is rooted in the science of geography. This combination has resulted in a technology that is science based, trusted, and easily communicated using maps and other geographic views. As you get started using ArcGIS, it will be important to understand a few GIS fundamentals and how ArcGIS brings these to life when you use the software. In this section, you will read about some key aspects of GIS and how geographic information models build on a series of key map concepts.

Geographic Information System.

Anodic porous alumina, –AAO– (also known as nanoporous alumina, nanohole alumina arrays, –NAA– or nanoporous anodized alumina platforms, –NAAP–) has opened new opportunities in a wide range of fields, and is used as an advanced photonic structure for applications in structural coloration and advanced optical biosensing based on the ordered nanoporous structure obtained and as a template to grow nanowires or nanotubes of different materials giving rise to metamaterials with tailored properties. Therefore, understanding the structure of nanoporous anodic alumina templates and knowing how they are fabricated provide a tool for the further design of structures based on them, such as 3D nanoporous structures developed recently. In this work, we review the latest developments related to nanoporous alumina, which is currently a very active field, to provide a solid and thorough reference for all interested experts, both in academia and industry, on these nanostructured and highly useful structures. We present an overview of theories on the formation of pores and self-ordering in alumina, paying special attention to those presented in recent years, and different nanostructures that have been developed recently. Therefore, a wide variety of architectures, ranging from ordered nanoporous structures to diameter changing pores, branched pores, and 3D nanostructures will be discussed. Next, some of the most relevant results using different nanostructured morphologies as templates for the growth of different materials with novel properties and reduced dimensionality in magnetism, thermoelectricity, etc. will be summarised, showing how these structures have influenced the state of the art in a wide variety of fields. Finally, a review on how these anodic aluminium membranes are used as platforms for different applications combined with optical techniques, together with principles behind these applications will be presented, in addition to a hint on the future applications of these versatile nanomaterials. In summary, this review is focused on the most recent developments, without neglecting the basis and older studies that have led the way to these findings. Thus, it gives an updated state-of-the-art review that should be useful not only for experts in the field, but also for non-specialists, helping them to gain a broad understanding of the importance of anodic porous alumina, and most probably, endow them with new ideas for its use in fields of interest or even developing the anodization technique.

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Revisiting anodic alumina templates: from fabrication to applications

Very well into the dawn of the fourth industrial revolution (industry 4.0), humankind can hardly distinguish between what is artificial and what is natural (e.g., man-made virus and natural virus). Thus, the level of discombobulation among people, companies, or countries is indeed unprecedented. The fact that industry 4.0 is explosively disrupting or retrofitting each and every industrial sector makes industry 4.0 the famous buzzword amongst researchers today. However, the insight of industry 4.0 disruption into the industrial sectors remains ill-defined in both academic and nonacademic literature. The present study aimed at identifying industry 4.0 neologisms, understanding the industry 4.0 disruption and illustrating the disruptive technology convergence in the major industrial sectors. A total of 99 neologisms of industry 4.0 were identified. Industry 4.0 disruption in the education industry (education 4.0), energy industry (energy 4.0), agriculture industry (agriculture 4.0), healthcare industry (healthcare 4.0), and logistics industry (logistics 4.0) was described. The convergence of 12 disruptive technologies including 3D printing, artificial intelligence, augmented reality, big data, blockchain, cloud computing, drones, Internet of Things, nanotechnology, robotics, simulation, and synthetic biology in agriculture, healthcare, and logistics industries was illustrated. The study divulged the need for extensive research to expand the application areas of the disruptive technologies in the industrial sectors.

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Industry 4.0 Disruption and Its Neologisms in Major Industrial Sectors: A State of the Art

BackgroundThe quality movement in health care has recognized better quality of work life (QWL) of employees as an important rubric for a health care organization’s performance. Health care employees are the front lines of the health care delivery system. However, studies on the QWL of private health care unit’s employees are limited.MethodologyThis research investigates the relationship between QWL, organizational performance (OP) and employee commitment (EC). A self-designed questionnaire was distributed to 300 health care employees. Out of which only 205 valid responses were received resulting in a response rate of 68 per cent from the survey. The data were analyzed using SPSS 20.ResultsThe findings show that EC acts as a partial and a significant mediator in the relationship between QWL and OP. Mediation analysis was also conducted for each dimension of QWL, EC and OP to reinforce the results.Conclusions and RecommendationsFindings can be used by health care units’ managers and policy makers to design ...

Quality of Work Life and Organizational Performance: The Mediating Role of Employee Commitment

Background. Workplace stress occurs in all professionals but, in particular, health-care professionals are highly prone to workplace stress. Health-care professionals comprise an important group that can be impacted by workplace stress because of their unique work environment. The study was done to determine the level of workplace stress and its associated factors among health-care professionals in Felege-Hiwot Referral Hospital, Bahir Dar, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods. An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among randomly selected health-care professionals in Felege-Hiwot Referral Hospital. Data were collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire by trained data collectors and the supervisor. The collected data were entered into EPI-info version 7 and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Logistic regression was employed to assess the associations between dependent and explanatory variables. Results. This study revealed that prevalence of workplace stress was 68.2%. Health professionals who work 50 hours and more per week and in night shift on sometimes base were more likely to develop workplace stress. Conclusion. The level of workplace stress among health professionals was found to be high. This was due to long working hours and working in night shift. Identifying the source of workplace stress among health professionals should be a great concern for health service managers and other stakeholders.

https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jeph/2018/6286010.pdf

Workload Determines Workplace Stress among Health Professionals Working in Felege-Hiwot Referral Hospital, Bahir Dar, Northwest Ethiopia.

Digitization of health records in public health facility and its instant availability in the form of electronic records anywhere any time health service is yet to be implemented in developing nations like India and other countries. In India, patient care is mainly delivered through 3 levels namely Primary/Community Healthcare Centre (PHC/CHC), Secondary healthcare centre (District Hospital), and Tertiary Healthcare Centre (National level). The healthcare facilities face many challenges in collecting, processing, and storing these data and managing it without compromising security and privacy. Presently, some of the secondary and tertiary care facilities have started implementing healthcare IT application in terms of Hospital Information System, Hospital Management Information System, Electronic Medical Records (EMR) etc. to manage the patient data in electronic format. However, these systems are developed by different vendors by using different programming languages and databases. This approach makes the system unique but the patient details remains in the same hospital and cannot be shared with other hospitals when patient moves from one hospital to other for advanced or specialized treatment. This is because the data is not interoperable and semantic. In the proposed work, a standard secure Electronic Health Record(EHR) framework is developed using standard medical terminology and coding standards. Implementation of EHR framework for Indian health system will improve the work-flow of health services to the population. EHR at all levels of healthcare system enable efficient and continuous care to the patient.

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Standard electronic health record (EHR) framework for Indian healthcare system

Public Health as a domain is a massive complex mixture of professionals and organizations that work together to achieve the mission of ensuring the nation’s health. The mission can only be achieved when the population based information is made available at the fingertips of healthcare professionals, administrators, managers, governmental, non-governmental agencies and other contributing to improve the health of the community. Population based information includes a wide range of community and health facility based information such as socio-demographic, health status, resources, infrastructure, financing, healthcare utilization, coverage and many more. Collecting, transmitting, processing, analyzing and presenting these information is always challenging for the healthcare managers and administrators. Health information technology (HIT) provides the umbrella framework to describe the comprehensive management of health information and its secure exchange between consumers, providers, government and quality entities, and insurers. Its role in public health is unmatchable because it plays a vital role in early detection of infectious disease outbreaks around the country, improved tracking of chronic disease management, monitoring healthcare programs and coverage, evaluation of health care utilization, and in making transparent and evidence-based decisions for health system interventions. In addition, HIT also reduces the paper work by eliminating the needs of paper based record and improve the administrative efficiency. It improves the healthcare by decreasing medical errors with an assurance that all the healthcare providers have accurate and timely information. Health information technology in general is increasingly viewed as the most promising tool for improving the overall quality, safety and efficiency of the health delivery system.  Keywords: Public Health; Health Information; Population Based Information Sri Lanka Journal of Bio-Medical Informatics 2010;1(4):223-36 DOI: 10.4038/sljbmi.v1i4.2239

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Impact of Health Information Technology in Public Health

Private cloud solution for Securing and Managing Patient Data in Rural Healthcare System

Health records are an integral aspect of any Hospital Management System. With newer innovations in technology, there has been a shift in the way of recording health information. Medical records which used to be managed using various paper charts have now become easier to organize and maintain, thereby increasing the efficiency of medical staff. The Electronic Health Records (EHR) System is becoming a high-tech medical management technology developed for the economic or emerging economic countries like India. In a national health system, the EHR integrates the Electronic Medical Records (EMR) in all collaborating hospitals through different networks. EHR gives healthcare professionals a way to share and manage patient data quickly and effectively. Due to the mass storage of confidential patient data, healthcare organizations are considered as one of the most targeted sectors by intruders. This paper proposes a security framework for EHR system, which takes into consideration the integrity, availability, and confidentiality of health records. The threats posed to the EHR system are modeled by STRIDE modeling tool, and the amount of risk is calculated using DREAD. The paper also suggests the security mechanism and countermeasures based on security standards, which can be utilized in an EHR environment. The paper shows that the utilization of the proposed methods effectively addresses security concerns such as breach of sensitive medical information.

/pdf/security-framework-for-cloud-based-electronic-health-record-2kxuv9knrt.pdf

Security framework for cloud based Electronic Health Record (EHR) system

Introduction: Job life is an important part of a person’s daily life. There are many aspects of a job. A person may be satisfied with one or more aspects of his/her job but at the same time may be unhappy with other things related to the job. Objective: To evaluate the sources of job stress (stressful aspects of work) among the staff of a super specialty hospital & to suggest measures to decrease level of job stress. Methodology: Descriptive study employing 381 staff members of a super specialty hospital using a structured personal interview questionnaire consisting of 21 sources of stress. The hospital staff was asked to rate each item according to the extent to which it had contributed to their stress as experienced in their jobs in the past few months on a scale of 0 (not at all),1(a little), 2(quite a bit), 3 (a lot). A global rating of stress was also obtained. Result: The prime sources of stress were found to be underpayment (76%), excessive workload (70.3%), inadequate staff (48.6), & being involved in the emotional distress of patients (46.7%). Conclusion: The staffs of the hospital were in moderate stress due to the prime stressors so adequate measures should be taken to alleviate these stressors. This could be achieved through workload management, job redesign, & by offering occupational health education.

Rajesh Kumar Sinha

Papers

Standard electronic health record (EHR) framework for Indian healthcare system

Impact of Health Information Technology in Public Health

Private cloud solution for Securing and Managing Patient Data in Rural Healthcare System

Security framework for cloud based Electronic Health Record (EHR) system

Understanding Job Stress among Healthcare Staff