The Internet today lacks an identity protocol for identifying people and organizations. As a result, service providers needed to build and maintain their own databases of user information. This solution is costly to the service providers, inefficient as much of the information is duplicated across different providers, difficult to secure as evidenced by recent large-scale personal data breaches around the world, and cumbersome to the users who need to remember different sets of credentials for different services. Furthermore, personal information could be collected for data mining, profiling and exploitation without users' knowledge or consent. The ideal solution would be self-sovereign identity, a new form of identity management that is owned and controlled entirely by each individual user. This solution would include the individual's consolidated digital identity as well as their set of verified attributes that have been cryptographically signed by various trusted issuers. The individual provides proof of identity and membership by sharing relevant parts of their identity with the service providers. Consent for access may also be revoked hence giving the individual full control over its own data. This survey critically investigates different blockchain based identity management and authentication frameworks. A summary of the state-of-the-art blockchain based identity management and authentication solutions from year 2014 to 2018 is presented. The paper concludes with the open issues, main challenges and directions highlighted for future work in this area. In a nutshell, the discovery of this new mechanism disrupted the existing identity management and authentication solutions and by providing a more promising secure platform.

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Blockchain technology the identity management and authentication service disruptor: A survey

The issue of the energy shortage is affecting the entire planet. This is occurring because of massive population and industry growth around the world. As a result, the entire world is attempting to implement green networking systems and manufacture the power/energy efficient products. This research work discusses the green networking system technologies. This work introduces a power-efficient control unit (CU) design and implemented on the Zynq SoC (System on Chip) ultrascale field programmable gate array (FPGA). The VIVADO HLx Design Suite is used to simulate and analyze the CU model which is considered as one of the key components of central processing unit (CPU), used for data communication purposes. The CU is made suitable for the green communication by making it power-efficient. Therefore, the power consumption of the CU is analyzed for the various set frequency value ranging between 100 MHz and 5 GHz, and it is discovered that as the clock frequency rises up, the total power consumption also tends to get increased. The total power of the proposed model is reduced by 77.42%, 21.29%, and 17.93% from three models, respectively, being compared in the present paper. Final results shows that the CU is better suited to run at low frequencies to optimize power consumption.

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VLSI Implementation of Green Computing Control Unit on Zynq FPGA for Green Communication

The majority of the existing gases constitute a risk to the health of humans and the environment in general. There is a wide range of diseases that can arise as a result of exposure to toxic and dangerous gases, which can be a cause of death or serious health problems. More so, deadly explosions may occur as a result of leakages of such gases. However, such consequences can be avoided when these dangerous gases are not detected early. Many researchers have proposed different kinds of systems for the detection of gas leakage, but most of the proposed systems were mainly designed to detect LPG gas. Therefore, in this study, a system is proposed for detecting different kinds of flammable and toxic gases. The gases that are detectable by the proposed system include smoke, Ethanol, CNG Gas, Methane, toluene, propane, Carbon Monoxide, acetone, Hydrogen Gas, and Formaldehyde. The system can detect gases efficiently and release evacuation alarms simultaneously, then send SMS for emergencies. The proposed system is ready to use and can be installed at any work location.

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A comprehensive system for detection of flammable and toxic gases using IoT

Artificial intelligence (AI) has embodied the recent technology in the food industry over the past few decades due to the rising of food demands in line with the increasing of the world population. The capability of the said intelligent systems in various tasks such as food quality determination, control tools, classification of food, and prediction purposes has intensified their demand in the food industry. Therefore, this paper reviews those diverse applications in comparing their advantages, limitations, and formulations as a guideline for selecting the most appropriate methods in enhancing future AI- and food industry–related developments. Furthermore, the integration of this system with other devices such as electronic nose, electronic tongue, computer vision system, and near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) is also emphasized, all of which will benefit both the industry players and consumers.

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Application of Artificial Intelligence in Food Industry—a Guideline

The study focuses on monitoring freshness and determining food spoilage inside the refrigerator. The objective is to design an electronic nose system that will be sensitive to the gases emitted by spoiled food samples namely banana, pechay, carrots and grapes operating in low level temperature particularly the refrigerator and then determine food spoilage using Principal Component Analysis – K Nearest Neighbors, however, it will not take any corrective actions. The system will gather readings from MQ gas sensors and will be subjected to PCA and KNN. PCA is implemented to minimize data and for feature projection represented in form of graphs. Whereas, KNN is applied for clusters formed by the PCA transformation to classify the grouping of the food. The results from the combined approach produced an overall accuracy rate of 92%, thus, the electronic nose system is capable of sensing food gases and accurately determine spoilage inside the refrigerator.

Monitoring and Detection of Fruits and Vegetables Spoilage in the Refrigerator using Electronic Nose Based on Principal Component Analysis

Street lighting is a component that require an efficient energy management system for comprehensive energy savings. It should provide ultimate comfort and safety to road users that contribute to the stability of economy and social of the country as well to the smart city development. Currently many street lighting especially in Malaysia, which is ON in the evening and OFF before the sun sets without taking into consideration the ambient brightness and also the number of vehicles. This condition may increase the use of energy as well as dangerous to motorist. Thus this Ambient Street Lighting project was developed using embedded-based Arduino microcontroller for lighting management based on the circumstances surrounding of the road. A threshold value is set based on a reading of the actual situation in order to test the functionality of the prototype. The Ambient Street Lighting prototype have reacted with success towards surrounding brightness/darkness and number of cars passing by on the street.

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Provisioning of Street Lighting based on Ambience Intensity for Smart City

Limited storage of the sensor node is one of the main causes of packet drop in the Wireless sensor network (WSN).   Frequent link disconnection is also another cause of packet drop.  Due to lack of continues end-to-end connection; two nodes may not be able to communicate with one another. Thus, communication may be established with the help of store and forward approach between the source and destination node. In that case, the sensor node may not be capable of storing a chunk of data since the buffer is available in a small amount. In order to store the data packets in the buffer when the link is down, an effective buffer management scheme is highly needed to keep the data packets for a long time until the link is re-established. This paper proposes a new buffer management scheme called Packet Priority Heterogonous Queue (PPHQ), which based on prioritizing and classifying the packets into different categories to minimize the loss of important packets. Unlike the existing Multi-layer WSN, that treats the data packets differently; we considered the data packets such as; temperature, humidity, and pressure to be same. However, the classification of different packet types is based on the sensor’s information value.  We completely divide the whole buffer into different queues, and thus the newly arrived packets are inserted in their corresponding queue. The buffer will then prioritize and schedule on which packet to be stored or transmit first when the buffer is overloaded. Our result exhibits that PPHQ scheme indeed provides minimum packet drop as well as maximum throughput compared to existing Multi-layer WSN buffer management schemes.

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Enhanced buffer management policy and packet prioritization for wireless sensor network

Generally, E-nose mimics human olfactory sense to detect and distinguish an odor or gasses or volatile organic compound from a few objects such as food, chemicals, explosive etc. Thus, E-nose can be used to measure gas emitted from food due to its ability to measure gas and odor. Principally, the E-nose operates by using a number of sensors to response to the odorant molecules (aroma). Each sensor will respond to their specific gas respectively. These sensors are a major part of the electronic nose to detect gas or odor contained in a volatile component. Information about the gas detected by sensors will be recorded and transmitted to the signal processing unit to perform the analysis of volatile organic compound (VOC) pattern and stored in the database classification, in order to determine the type of odor. Classification is a way to distinguish a mixture odor/aroma obtained from gas sensors in an electric signal form. In this paper, we discussed briefly about electronic nose, it’s principle of work and classification method and in order to classify food freshness.

Food freshness using electronic nose and its classification method: A review

Remote sensing using drone or UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) is the current trends and this technology can provide unrevealed life altering benefits to mankind. Drones are being used in many sectors such as for military, research, agricultural and recreational means. This technology not only can reduce the time of inspection, but it is also giving many benefits such as provides real-time live video for site inspection that can help user to analyze site logistic and speeding up the overall tasks. However, vegetation monitoring using remote sensing has its own challenges in terms of processing the captured image and data. Somehow, previous research has suggested a lot of different possible algorithm that could be used for post-processing the data gathered. Nevertheless, most of the algorithm requires a specific sensor in order to get the result. The objective of this paper is to identify and verify the algorithm that is suitable to process the vegetation image. This research will use the data gathered from various area by using consumer camera and process by using Visible Atmospherically Resistant Index (VARI) indices. Finally, this research will observe the accuracy of the result analyzed using the VARI and identify the characteristic of the algorithm.

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Vegetation Monitoring Using UAV: A Preliminary Study

IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) defines a unified framework that enables convergence of voice, video, data and mobile network technology over an IP-based infrastructure. It is regarded as the standard service delivery platform for providing multimedia applications in the Next Generation Network (NGN). Despite all the hypes, the adoption, support and interest on IMS are still protracted among operators, service providers, device manufacturers and developers. We believe one of the main reasons for the delay is that these parties felt uncertain on IMS over the setup cost, and were generally trapped in a vicious circle, where one party depends on another to initiate and commit their support on IMS. As the national research institute in Malaysia, we have taken the challenge to break the vicious circle, and committed to build and provide an IMS Center of Excellence (CoE) as testbed for all parties to conduct their application development, experiments and interoperability tests. This paper describes the objectives and benefits of establishing our IMS testbed, our approach to break the vicious circle, the formation and responsibility of an NGN/IMS workgroup (WG), and the specifications and focus of our IMS testbed.

Rajina R. Mohamed

Papers

Provisioning of Street Lighting based on Ambience Intensity for Smart City

Enhanced buffer management policy and packet prioritization for wireless sensor network

Food freshness using electronic nose and its classification method: A review

Vegetation Monitoring Using UAV: A Preliminary Study

The setup of national IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) testbed - approach and challenges