This Review describes the application of nitroxides to synthesis and polymer chemistry. The synthesis and physical properties of nitroxides are discussed first. The largest section focuses on their application as stoichiometric and catalytic oxidants in organic synthesis. The oxidation of alcohols and carbanions, as well as oxidative C-C bond-forming reactions are presented along with other typical oxidative transformations. A section is also dedicated to the extensive use of nitroxides as trapping reagents for C-centered radicals in radical chemistry. Alkoxyamines derived from nitroxides are shown to be highly useful precursors of C-centered radicals in synthesis and also in polymer chemistry. The last section discusses the basics of nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization (NMP) and also highlights new developments in the synthesis of complex polymer architectures.

Nitroxides: applications in synthesis and in polymer chemistry.

Recent advances in copper-catalyzed oxidation of organic compounds

Selective oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides and sulfones at room temperature using H2O2 and a Mo(VI) salt as catalyst

We report a mild and efficient electrochemical protocol to access a variety of vicinally C–O and C–N difunctionalized compounds from simple alkenes. Detailed mechanistic studies revealed a distinct reaction pathway from those previously reported for TEMPO-mediated reactions. In this mechanism, electrochemically generated oxoammonium ion facilitates the formation of azidyl radical via a charge-transfer complex with azide, TEMPO–N3. DFT calculations together with spectroscopic characterization provided a tentative structural assignment of this charge-transfer complex. Kinetic and kinetic isotopic effect studies revealed that reversible dissociation of TEMPO–N3 into TEMPO• and azidyl precedes the addition of these radicals across the alkene in the rate-determining step. The resulting azidooxygenated product could then be easily manipulated for further synthetic elaborations. The discovery of this new reaction pathway mediated by the TEMPO+/TEMPO• redox couple may expand the scope of aminoxyl radical chemistr...

/pdf/electrochemical-azidooxygenation-of-alkenes-mediated-by-a-1pyof125vx.pdf

Electrochemical Azidooxygenation of Alkenes Mediated by a TEMPO-N3 Charge-Transfer Complex.

Copper(II) catalyzed selective oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes with atmospheric oxygen

Copper catalyzed oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides with aqueous hydrogen peroxide

Agriculture has become the most significant growing sector all over the world because of increasing the population. The main challenge in the agriculture industry is to improving farming efficiency and quality without constant physical monitoring to full fill the speedily increasing demand for the food. Apart from the mounting population, the climate circumstance is also a huge challenge in the agricultural industry. The aim of this research paper is to propose a smart farming model based on the Internet of Things using the clustering to deal with the adverse condition. in this model, we use the different types of the sensors like soil moisture, air pressure, rain detection and humidity sensors for a different purpose. The data will collect on the cloud and calculated automatically. The smart agriculture can be adopted from the crop control, collection of useful data, and analysis automatically. The purpose of this paper is how the implement the Internet of Things (IoT) in the monitoring of humidity, soil condition, temperature, and supply water to the field, level of water, climate condition. The IoT based Smart Farming System being planned via this report is integrated with different Sensors and a Wi-Fi module producing live data feed that can be obtained online.

Agriculture monitoring and prediction using Internet of Things (IoT)

Wireless sensor network consists various sensor nodes that are used to monitor any target area like forest fire detection by our army person and monitoring any industrial activity by industry manager. Wireless sensor networks have been deployed in several cities to monitor the concentration of dangerous gases for citizens. In wireless sensor network when sensor nodes communicate from each other then routing protocol are used for communication between protocol layers. Wireless sensor network protocol stack consist five layers such as Application layer, Transport layer, Network layer, MAC Layer, Physical layer. In this paper we study and analysis Bellman-Ford routing algorithm and check the flow of data between these protocol layers. For simulation purpose we are using Qualnet 5.0.2 simulator tool.

http://journal.portalgaruda.org/index.php/EEI/article/download/577/895

Data Flow in Wireless Sensor Network Protocol Stack by Using Bellman-Ford Routing Algorithm

A detailed analysis of Prism/LiF/ZnO structure based lossy mode resonance sensor is presented for measurement of sucrose concentration. Theoretical and experimental studies using angular interrogation technique has been carried out to achieve high sensitivity for a range of surrounding medium refractive indices (1.33-1.45). Simulation outcomes reveal that a low refractive index layer of LiF may be introduced between substrate and the absorbing film of ZnO to develop a high sensitivity refractive index sensor. Various sensor configurations at different thicknesses of LiF are investigated for both s- and p- polarizations of light at the wavelength of 632.8 nm. The best obtained sensor configurations have been developed experimentally to measure concentration of sucrose solution. The maximum sensitivities of 61.92 °/RIU for s- polarization and 68.80 °/RIU for p-polarization are obtained experimentally, which are found to be in close agreement with the theoretically simulated results.

Lossy Mode Resonance-Based Refractive Index Sensor for Sucrose Concentration Measurement

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can be used in agriculture to provide farmers with a large amount of information. The use of sensors is essential to implementation of information and control technologies in Application areas such as precision agriculture. A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from the physical environment. A sensor is used to measure a property, such as pressure, position, temperature, or acceleration, and respond with feedback. Sensors allows farmers to maximize yields using minimal resources such as water, fertilizer, and seeds. By deploying sensors and mapping fields, farmers can begin to understand their crops at a micro scale, conserve resources, and reduce impacts on the environment. A number of sensing technologies are used in precision agriculture, providing data that helps farmers monitor and optimize crops. This work deals with agricultural sensor network which measures temperature, soil moisture, humidity based on ranking.

Rakesh Kumar Saini

Papers

Copper catalyzed oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides with aqueous hydrogen peroxide

Agriculture monitoring and prediction using Internet of Things (IoT)

Data Flow in Wireless Sensor Network Protocol Stack by Using Bellman-Ford Routing Algorithm

Lossy Mode Resonance-Based Refractive Index Sensor for Sucrose Concentration Measurement

Energy-Saving Sensors for Precision Agriculture in Wireless Sensor Network: A Review