Refers to discussions at the 2002 International Labour Conference and the 2003 and earlier International Conferences of Labour Statisticians, where the need for a proper definition and measurement chriteria of employment in the informal sector and of informal employment was pointed out.

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Measuring the informal economy: from employment in the formal sector to informal employment

International migration has profound implications for human welfare, and African governments have had only a limited influence on welfare outcomes, for good or ill. Improved efforts to manage migration will require information on the nature and impact of migratory patterns. This book seeks to contribute toward this goal, by reviewing previous research and providing new analyses (including surveys and case studies) as well as by formulating policy recommendations that can improve the migration experience for migrants, origin countries, and destination countries. The book comprises this introduction and summary and four chapters. Chapter one reviews the data on African migration and considers the challenges African governments face in managing migration. Chapter two discusses the importance of remittances, the most tangible link between migration and development; it also identifies policies that can facilitate remittance flows to Africa and increase their development impact. Chapter three analyzes high-skilled emigration and analyzes policies that can limit adverse implications and maximize positive implications for development. Chapter four considers ways in which Africa can leverage its diaspora resources to increase trade, investment, and access to technology.

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Leveraging Migration for Africa: Remittances, Skills, and Investments

Dedication to David N. Wilson List of Tables List of Figures List of Contributors Information on the UNEVOC International Library of Technical and Vocational Education and Training Foreword (by Nicholas Burnett, ADG/Education, UNESCO Paris) Preface VOLUME 1 PART I OVERVIEW Introduction (Rupert Maclean) The Pedagogical Roots of Technical Learning and Thinking (Ron Hansen) A Conceptual Framework for Technical and Vocational Education and Training (Jay W. Rojewski) Towards Achieving TVET for All: The Role of UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training (Astrid Hollander and Naing Yee Mar) TVET Glossary: Some Key Terms (Jeanne MacKenzie and Rose-Anne Polvere) PART II THE CHANGING CONTEXT OF WORK AND EDUCATION Section 1 Changing Workplace Requirements: Implication for Education (Margarita Pavlova and L. Efison Munjanganja) Overview: Changing Economic Environment and Workplace Requirements: Implications for Reengineering TVET for Prosperity (France Boutin, Chris Chinien, Lars Moratis and Peter van Baalen) The Right to a New Utopia: Adult Learning and the Changing World of Work in an Era of Global Capitalism (Budd L. Hall) Decent Work for All: From ILO Initiative to a Global Goal (Peter Poschen) Redefining Gender Roles in the Workforce (Karen F. Zuga) Anticipation of Skill Requirements: European Activities and Approaches (Manfred Tessaring) Redefining the Status of Occupations (Walter R. Heinz) Changing Work, Work Practice: Consequences for Vocational Education (Stephen Billett) Traditional and Transitional TVET Systems (Poonam Agrawal) Partnering to Meet the Needs of a Changing Workplace (LuAnn Hiniker and Robert A. Putnam) Bridging the Learning Divide: A Study into Adult Learning and Peer Mediation in the Workplace (David Johnson) Section 2 Education and Training in Informal Economies (Madhu Singh) Overview: Education and Training in the Informal Sector (Madhu Singh) Tinkering with the Tinker: Meeting Training Needs in the Informal Sector of Chad (Joshua A. Muskin) The Traditional Informal Apprenticeship System of West Africa as Preparation for Work (William Ahadzie) Initiatives to Link TVET to Self-employment in Ghana (Robert Palmer) Criteria for Training Policy in the Informal Sector: Demands and Challenges in Latin America (Enrique Pieck) Informal Learning at Work: The Case of Working Children in Egypt (Laila Iskandar) Informal Learning and Work: From Genealogy and Definitions to Contemporary Methods and Findings (Peter H. Sawchuk) New Learning Spaces in VET: The Contribution of Social Partnerships (Terri Seddon, Kathleen Fennessy and Kathleen Ferguson) Social and Cultural Aspects of Informal Sector Learning: Meeting the Goals of EFA (Madhu Singh) VOLUME 2 PART III EDUCATION FOR THE WORLD OF WORK: NATIONAL AND REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE Section 3 Reforming National Systems of Vocational Education and Training (David Atchoarena and Peter Grootings) Overview: Changing National VET Systems Through Reforms (David Atchoarena and Peter Grootings) Latin America's Efforts in the Vocational Training of Young People

International handbook of education for the changing world of work : bridging academic and vocational learning

In recent years, scholars adopting institutional theory have explained the tendency of entrepreneurs to operate in the informal sector to be a result of the asymmetry between formal institutions (the codified laws and regulations) and informal institutions (norms, values and codes of conduct). The aim of this article is to further advance this institutional approach by evaluating the varying degrees of informalization of entrepreneurs and then analysing whether lower levels of formalization are associated with higher levels of institutional asymmetry. To do this, a 2012 survey of the varying degrees of informalization of 300 entrepreneurs in Pakistan is reported. The finding is that 62% of entrepreneurs operate wholly informal enterprises, 31% largely informal and 7% largely formal enterprises. None operate wholly formal enterprises. Those displaying lower levels of formalization are shown to be significantly more likely to display higher levels of institutional asymmetry, exhibiting greater concerns abou...

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Informal entrepreneurship and institutional theory: explaining the varying degrees of (in)formalization of entrepreneurs in Pakistan

Abbreviations Foreword Executive Summary 1. Employment: The 'Missing Link' in the Poverty Debates The Globalisation-Growth-Poverty Debate Terms of the Debate The 'Missing link' in the Debate Conclusion 2. Informal Employment, Gender and Poverty The Informal Economy Women and Men in the Informal Economy The Links Between Informal Employment, Poverty and Gender Gender Segmentation of the Informal Economy Hidden Costs of Informal Employment The Global Horticulture Value Chain: An Illustrative Case Study Gender Segmentation of the Informal Economy and Poverty 3. The Changing World of Work: Linking Economic Reforms-Gender-Poverty Economic Reforms and Poverty Trade and Employment The Changing Nature of Work Conclusion 4. Decent Work for Informal Workers: Promising Strategies and Examples Goal 1: Promoting Opportunities Goal 2: Securing Rights Goal 3: Promoting Protection Goal 4: Promoting Voice Supporting Strategy- Collecting Statistics on the Informal Economy Conclusion 5. Informal Employment and Gender: A Strategic Policy Approach Policy Perspective Policy Goals Substantive Policy Areas Key Actors Policy Process References Appendices 1 llO Convention on Home Work, 1996 2 Recommendations to Extend National Labour Legislation to Informal Women Workers in India 3 Draft Umbrella Legislation on Informal Sector Workers, India 4 Bellagio Declaration of Street Vendors, 1995

http://idl-bnc.idrc.ca/dspace/bitstream/10625/27817/21/IDL-27817.pdf

Mainstreaming informal employment and gender in poverty reduction : a handbook for policy - makers and other stakeholders

Based on data obtained from a database on the informal sector created by the ILO's Bureau of Statistics in 1998 and updated in 2001.

Ralf. Hussmanns

Papers

Measuring the informal economy: from employment in the formal sector to informal employment

ILO Compendium of official statistics on employment in the informal sector