The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex "Frontal Lobe" tasks: a latent variable analysis.

Validity of the Trail Making Test as an Indicator of Organic Brain Damage

The organization of behavior: A neuropsychological theory

Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review.

In this paper, we consider the domain of executive functions (EFs) and their possible role in developmental psychopathologies. We first consider general theoretical and measurement issues involved in studying EFs and then review studies of EFs in four developmental psychopathologies: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder (CD), autism, and Tourette syndrome (TS). Our review reveals that EF deficits are consistently found in both ADHD and autism but not in CD (without ADHD) or in TS. Moreover, both the severity and profile of EF deficits appears to differ across ADHD and autism. Molar EF deficits are more severe in the latter than the former. In the few studies of more specific EF tasks, there are impairments in motor inhibition in ADHD but not in autism, whereas there are impairments in verbal working memory in autism but not ADHD. We close with a discussion of implications for future research.

Executive Functions and Developmental Psychopathology

The Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological test battery: Theory and clinical interpretation

The relation of the Trail Making Test to organic brain damage.

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Clinical neuropsychology: Current status and applications.

The whole theory of learning and intelligence is in confusion. We know at present nothing of the organic basis of these functions and little enough of either the variety or uniformities of their expression in behavior. The concepts are so poorly defined that it has not been possible even to imagine a program of physiological research which seemed likely to reveal more than superficial relationships. 1

Ralph M. Reitan

Papers

Validity of the Trail Making Test as an Indicator of Organic Brain Damage

The Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological test battery: Theory and clinical interpretation

The relation of the Trail Making Test to organic brain damage.

Clinical neuropsychology: Current status and applications.

Investigation of the validity of Halstead's measures of biological intelligence.